202 lines
5.8 KiB
Plaintext
202 lines
5.8 KiB
Plaintext
AVR: Alf and Regards's RISC Processor
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Installing AVR toolchain:
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Basic requirements:
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gcc-avr : a GNU C cross-compiler for specifically for AVR
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avr-libc: it is a package for AVR C library
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more info: https://www.nongnu.org/avr-libc/user-manual/index.html
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https://exploreembedded.com/wiki/AVR_C_Library
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avrdude: it is a utility that transfers codes from the UBUNTU to the microcontroller. AVR downloader uploader: software(utility program) for downloading and uploading on-chip memories of Microchip's AVR microcontrollers
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arduino CLI: Arduino Command LIne Interface- Arduino CLI is a command line tool that contains all you need to easily build applications around the Arduino ecosystem.
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Basic installation commands:
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sudo apt-get install gcc-avr binutils-avr avr-libc
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sudo apt-get install avrdude
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sudo apt-get install arduino-cli or snap install arduino-cli
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More info about installation: https://www.nongnu.org/avr-libc/user-manual/install_tools.html
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Basic processes involved:
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1)Compilation which creates object files
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2)Linking the object files to create ELF files(Executable and Linkable Format)
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3)Object-copy(assembly) to create hex files
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4)Flashing(dumping) the hex file on the board using avrdude
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more info: https://www.avrfreaks.net/forum/avr-gcc-compiling-linking-and-assembly --(pic in this website)--
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Instructions to compile the code:
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Compile and linking Instruction(generating object files and linking them):
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avr-gcc -Os -mmcu=atmega2560 -c -o <destination_file-blinking_led> <source.c> //avoid using '-c' to avoid improper linking
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Object Copy Instruction:
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avr-objcopy -O ihex -R .eeprom <destination_file-blinking_led> <file_name.hex>
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Programming(flashing the hex file on board):
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avrdude -C /usr/share/arduino/hardware/tools/avrdude.conf -patmega2560 -cwiring -P /dev/ttyACM0 -b 115200 -D -U flash:w:<file_name.hex>:i
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Execution using make:
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GNU make:
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The "make" utility automates the mundane aspects of building executable from source code. "make" uses a so-called makefile, which contains rules on how to build the executables. Make is different from a script as a script shows no intelligence. All instructions run blindly, without dpending on the consequences of the previous instructions.
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more info: https://www3.ntu.edu.sg/home/ehchua/programming/cpp/gcc_make.html#zz-1.6
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makefile youtube tutorial: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLNmACol6lYY7Dzvg7jKgvMdDaDEDFnNqD
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based on the makefile created..
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//change parameters accordingly in makefile to make sure the correct files get executed
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Instructions:
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make all
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make flash
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Makefile:
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# simple AVR Makefile
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#
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# written by michael cousins (http://github.com/mcous)
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# released to the public domain
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# Makefile
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#
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# targets:
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# all: compiles the source code
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# test: tests the isp connection to the mcu
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# flash: writes compiled hex file to the mcu's flash memory
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# fuse: writes the fuse bytes to the MCU
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# disasm: disassembles the code for debugging
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# clean: removes all .hex, .elf, and .o files in the source code and library directories
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# parameters (change this stuff accordingly)
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# project name
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PRJ = main
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# avr mcu
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MCU = atmega2560
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# mcu clock frequency
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CLK = 16000000
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# avr programmer (and port if necessary)
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# e.g. PRG = usbtiny -or- PRG = arduino -P /dev/tty.usbmodem411
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PRG = wiring -P /dev/ttyACM0
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# fuse values for avr: low, high, and extended
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# these values are from an Arduino Uno (ATMega328P)
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# see http://www.engbedded.com/fusecalc/ for other MCUs and options
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LFU = 0xFF
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HFU = 0xD0
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EFU = 0xFD
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# program source files (not including external libraries)
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SRC = $(PRJ).c
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# where to look for external libraries (consisting of .c/.cpp files and .h files)
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# e.g. EXT = ../../EyeToSee ../../YouSART
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EXT =
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#################################################################################################
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# \/ stuff nobody needs to worry about until such time that worrying about it is appropriate \/ #
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#################################################################################################
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# include path
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INCLUDE := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), -I$(dir))
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# c flags
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CFLAGS = -Wall -Os -DF_CPU=$(CLK) -mmcu=$(MCU) $(INCLUDE)
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# any aditional flags for c++
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CPPFLAGS =
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# executables
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AVRDUDE = avrdude -C /usr/share/arduino/hardware/tools/avrdude.conf -c $(PRG) -p $(MCU) -b 115200 -D
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OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
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OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
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SIZE = avr-size --format=avr --mcu=$(MCU)
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CC = avr-gcc
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# generate list of objects
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CFILES = $(filter %.c, $(SRC))
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EXTC := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), $(wildcard $(dir)/*.c))
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CPPFILES = $(filter %.cpp, $(SRC))
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EXTCPP := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), $(wildcard $(dir)/*.cpp))
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OBJ = $(CFILES:.c=.o) $(EXTC:.c=.o) $(CPPFILES:.cpp=.o) $(EXTCPP:.cpp=.o)
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# user targets
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# compile all files
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all: $(PRJ).hex
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# test programmer connectivity
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test:
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$(AVRDUDE) -v
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# flash program to mcu
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flash: all
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$(AVRDUDE) -U flash:w:$(PRJ).hex:i
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# write fuses to mcu
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fuse:
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$(AVRDUDE) -U lfuse:w:$(LFU):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFU):m -U efuse:w:$(EFU):m
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# generate disassembly files for debugging
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disasm: $(PRJ).elf
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$(OBJDUMP) -d $(PRJ).elf
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# remove compiled files
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clean:
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rm -f *.hex *.elf *.o
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$(foreach dir, $(EXT), rm -f $(dir)/*.o;)
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# other targets
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# objects from c files
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.c.o:
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$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@
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# objects from c++ files
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.cpp.o:
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$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -c $< -o $@
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# elf file
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$(PRJ).elf: $(OBJ)
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$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $(PRJ).elf $(OBJ)
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# hex file
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$(PRJ).hex: $(PRJ).elf
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rm -f $(PRJ).hex
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$(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $(PRJ).elf $(PRJ).hex
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$(SIZE) $(PRJ).elf
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main.c file for blinking of led code:
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#include <avr/io.h>
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#define F_CPU 16000000//16MHz
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#define MS_DELAY 1000//1 second=1000 ms
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#include <util/delay.h>
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int main(void)
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{
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//pin 37-port C0
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DDRC = 0xff;
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PORTC = 0xff;
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while(1)
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{
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PORTC = 0x01;
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_delay_ms(1000);//1 second delay
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PORTC = 0x00;
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_delay_ms(1000);//1 second delay
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}
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return 0;
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}
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