Tanish25
2 years ago
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# simple AVR Makefile
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#
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# written by michael cousins (http://github.com/mcous)
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# released to the public domain
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# Makefile
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#
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# targets:
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# all: compiles the source code
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# test: tests the isp connection to the mcu
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# flash: writes compiled hex file to the mcu's flash memory
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# fuse: writes the fuse bytes to the MCU
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# disasm: disassembles the code for debugging
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# clean: removes all .hex, .elf, and .o files in the source code and library directories
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# parameters (change this stuff accordingly)
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# project name
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PRJ = main |
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# avr mcu
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MCU = atmega2560 |
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# mcu clock frequency
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CLK = 16000000 |
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# avr programmer (and port if necessary)
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# e.g. PRG = usbtiny -or- PRG = arduino -P /dev/tty.usbmodem411
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PRG = wiring -P /dev/ttyACM0 |
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# fuse values for avr: low, high, and extended
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# these values are from an Arduino Uno (ATMega328P)
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# see http://www.engbedded.com/fusecalc/ for other MCUs and options
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LFU = 0xFF |
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HFU = 0xD0 |
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EFU = 0xFD |
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# program source files (not including external libraries)
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SRC = $(PRJ).c |
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# where to look for external libraries (consisting of .c/.cpp files and .h files)
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# e.g. EXT = ../../EyeToSee ../../YouSART
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EXT = |
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#################################################################################################
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# \/ stuff nobody needs to worry about until such time that worrying about it is appropriate \/ #
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#################################################################################################
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# include path
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INCLUDE := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), -I$(dir)) |
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# c flags
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CFLAGS = -Wall -Os -DF_CPU=$(CLK) -mmcu=$(MCU) $(INCLUDE) |
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# any aditional flags for c++
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CPPFLAGS = |
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# executables
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AVRDUDE = avrdude -C /usr/share/arduino/hardware/tools/avrdude.conf -c $(PRG) -p $(MCU) -b 115200 -D |
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OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy |
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OBJDUMP = avr-objdump |
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SIZE = avr-size --format=avr --mcu=$(MCU) |
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CC = avr-gcc |
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# generate list of objects
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CFILES = $(filter %.c, $(SRC)) |
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EXTC := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), $(wildcard $(dir)/*.c)) |
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CPPFILES = $(filter %.cpp, $(SRC)) |
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EXTCPP := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), $(wildcard $(dir)/*.cpp)) |
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OBJ = $(CFILES:.c=.o) $(EXTC:.c=.o) $(CPPFILES:.cpp=.o) $(EXTCPP:.cpp=.o) |
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# user targets
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# compile all files
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all: $(PRJ).hex |
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# test programmer connectivity
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test: |
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$(AVRDUDE) -v |
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# flash program to mcu
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flash: all |
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$(AVRDUDE) -U flash:w:$(PRJ).hex:i |
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# write fuses to mcu
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fuse: |
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$(AVRDUDE) -U lfuse:w:$(LFU):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFU):m -U efuse:w:$(EFU):m |
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# generate disassembly files for debugging
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disasm: $(PRJ).elf |
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$(OBJDUMP) -d $(PRJ).elf |
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# remove compiled files
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clean: |
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rm -f *.hex *.elf *.o |
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$(foreach dir, $(EXT), rm -f $(dir)/*.o;) |
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# other targets
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# objects from c files
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.c.o: |
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$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@ |
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# objects from c++ files
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.cpp.o: |
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$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -c $< -o $@ |
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# elf file
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$(PRJ).elf: $(OBJ) |
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$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $(PRJ).elf $(OBJ) |
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# hex file
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$(PRJ).hex: $(PRJ).elf |
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rm -f $(PRJ).hex |
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$(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $(PRJ).elf $(PRJ).hex |
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$(SIZE) $(PRJ).elf |
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@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ |
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//ADC
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#include <avr/io.h> |
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#define F_CPU 16000000//16MHz
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int main(void) |
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{ |
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DDRL = 0xff;//port L direction: output //pins- 49:42
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DDRC = 0xff;//port C direction: output //pins- 37:30
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DDRA = 0x00;//port A direction: input //pins- 22:29
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ADCSRA = 0x87;// ADC enabled and prescaler=128
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ADMUX = 0xC0;// input at ADC0// data is right-justified
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while(1) |
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{ |
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ADCSRA |= (1<<ADSC); //to start conversion
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while(ADCSRA && (1<<ADIF)==0);// waiting for conversion to finish
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PORTL = ADCL; |
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PORTC = ADCH; |
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} |
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} |
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Binary file not shown.
@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ |
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:100000000C9472000C947E000C947E000C947E0084 |
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:100010000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0068 |
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:100020000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0058 |
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:100030000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0048 |
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:100040000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0038 |
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:100050000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0028 |
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:100060000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0018 |
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:100070000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0008 |
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:100080000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00F8 |
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:100090000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00E8 |
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:1000A0000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00D8 |
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:1000B0000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00C8 |
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:1000C0000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00B8 |
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:1000D0000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00A8 |
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:1000E0000C947E0011241FBECFEFD1E2DEBFCDBF46 |
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:1000F00000E00CBF0E9480000C949A000C94000059 |
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:100100008FEF80930A0187B911B887E880937A004E |
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:1001100080EC80937C0080917A00806480937A00E8 |
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:1001200080917A008091780080930B018091790012 |
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:0801300088B9F1CFF894FFCF6C |
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:00000001FF |
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Binary file not shown.
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ |
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Registers involved: |
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GPIO: |
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DDRL: Data Direction Register for Port L= 0xFF for output |
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DDRC: Data Direction Register for Port C= 0xFF for output |
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ADC: |
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ADCSRA: ADC Control and Status Register A = 0x87 |
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Bit 7= 1= ADC Enabled |
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Bit 6= ADSC: ADC Start Conversion Bit- In Single Conversion mode, write this bit to one to start each conversion. |
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Bit 4= ADIF: ADC Interrupt Flag- This bit is set when an ADC conversion completes and the Data Registers are updated |
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Bit [2:0] = 111 = Prescaler-128 |
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ADMUX: ADC Multiplexer = 0xC0 |
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Bit [7:6] = 11 = Vref= 2.56V |
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Bit 5 = 0 = Result(10-bits-wide) is right-justified |
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Bit [4:0] = 00000 = Input at ADC0 |
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ADCL: ADC Data Register Lower= stores the lower 8 bits of result of conversion |
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ADCH: ADC Data Register Higher= stores the higher 8 bits of result of conversion |
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@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ |
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# simple AVR Makefile
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#
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# written by michael cousins (http://github.com/mcous)
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# released to the public domain
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|
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# Makefile
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#
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# targets:
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# all: compiles the source code
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# test: tests the isp connection to the mcu
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# flash: writes compiled hex file to the mcu's flash memory
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# fuse: writes the fuse bytes to the MCU
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# disasm: disassembles the code for debugging
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# clean: removes all .hex, .elf, and .o files in the source code and library directories
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# parameters (change this stuff accordingly)
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# project name
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PRJ = main |
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# avr mcu
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MCU = atmega2560 |
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# mcu clock frequency
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CLK = 16000000 |
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# avr programmer (and port if necessary)
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# e.g. PRG = usbtiny -or- PRG = arduino -P /dev/tty.usbmodem411
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PRG = wiring -P /dev/ttyACM0 |
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# fuse values for avr: low, high, and extended
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# these values are from an Arduino Uno (ATMega328P)
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# see http://www.engbedded.com/fusecalc/ for other MCUs and options
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LFU = 0xFF |
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HFU = 0xD0 |
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EFU = 0xFD |
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# program source files (not including external libraries)
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SRC = $(PRJ).c |
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# where to look for external libraries (consisting of .c/.cpp files and .h files)
|
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# e.g. EXT = ../../EyeToSee ../../YouSART
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EXT = |
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#################################################################################################
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# \/ stuff nobody needs to worry about until such time that worrying about it is appropriate \/ #
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#################################################################################################
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# include path
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INCLUDE := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), -I$(dir)) |
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# c flags
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CFLAGS = -Wall -Os -DF_CPU=$(CLK) -mmcu=$(MCU) $(INCLUDE) |
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# any aditional flags for c++
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CPPFLAGS = |
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# executables
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AVRDUDE = avrdude -C /usr/share/arduino/hardware/tools/avrdude.conf -c $(PRG) -p $(MCU) -b 115200 -D |
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OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy |
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OBJDUMP = avr-objdump |
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SIZE = avr-size --format=avr --mcu=$(MCU) |
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CC = avr-gcc |
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# generate list of objects
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CFILES = $(filter %.c, $(SRC)) |
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EXTC := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), $(wildcard $(dir)/*.c)) |
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CPPFILES = $(filter %.cpp, $(SRC)) |
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EXTCPP := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), $(wildcard $(dir)/*.cpp)) |
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OBJ = $(CFILES:.c=.o) $(EXTC:.c=.o) $(CPPFILES:.cpp=.o) $(EXTCPP:.cpp=.o) |
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# user targets
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# compile all files
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all: $(PRJ).hex |
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# test programmer connectivity
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test: |
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$(AVRDUDE) -v |
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|
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# flash program to mcu
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flash: all |
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$(AVRDUDE) -U flash:w:$(PRJ).hex:i |
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|
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# write fuses to mcu
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fuse: |
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$(AVRDUDE) -U lfuse:w:$(LFU):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFU):m -U efuse:w:$(EFU):m |
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# generate disassembly files for debugging
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disasm: $(PRJ).elf |
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$(OBJDUMP) -d $(PRJ).elf |
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# remove compiled files
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clean: |
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rm -f *.hex *.elf *.o |
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$(foreach dir, $(EXT), rm -f $(dir)/*.o;) |
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# other targets
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# objects from c files
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.c.o: |
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$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@ |
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|
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# objects from c++ files
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.cpp.o: |
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$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -c $< -o $@ |
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# elf file
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$(PRJ).elf: $(OBJ) |
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$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $(PRJ).elf $(OBJ) |
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# hex file
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$(PRJ).hex: $(PRJ).elf |
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rm -f $(PRJ).hex |
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$(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $(PRJ).elf $(PRJ).hex |
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$(SIZE) $(PRJ).elf |
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@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ |
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//ADC
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#include <avr/io.h> |
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#define F_CPU 16000000//16MHz
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int main(void) |
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{ |
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DDRL = 0xff;//port L direction: output //pins- 49:42
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DDRC = 0xff;//port C direction: output //pins- 37:30
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DDRA = 0x00;//port A direction: input //pins- 22:29
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ADCSRA = 0x87;// ADC enabled and prescaler=128
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ADMUX = 0xC0;// input at ADC0// data is right-justified
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while(1) |
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{ |
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ADCSRA |= (1<<ADSC); //to start conversion
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while(ADCSRA && (1<<ADIF)==0);// waiting for conversion to finish
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PORTL = ADCL; |
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PORTC = ADCH; |
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} |
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} |
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Binary file not shown.
@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ |
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:100000000C9472000C947E000C947E000C947E0084 |
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:100010000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0068 |
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:100020000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0058 |
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:100030000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0048 |
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:100040000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0038 |
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:100050000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0028 |
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:100060000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0018 |
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:100070000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0008 |
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:100080000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00F8 |
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:100090000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00E8 |
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:1000A0000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00D8 |
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:1000B0000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00C8 |
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:1000C0000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00B8 |
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:1000D0000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00A8 |
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:1000E0000C947E0011241FBECFEFD1E2DEBFCDBF46 |
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:1000F00000E00CBF0E9480000C949A000C94000059 |
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:100100008FEF80930A0187B911B887E880937A004E |
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:1001100080EC80937C0080917A00806480937A00E8 |
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:1001200080917A008091780080930B018091790012 |
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:0801300088B9F1CFF894FFCF6C |
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:00000001FF |
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Binary file not shown.
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ |
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Registers involved: |
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|
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GPIO: |
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DDRL: Data Direction Register for Port L= 0xFF for output |
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DDRC: Data Direction Register for Port C= 0xFF for output |
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|
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ADC: |
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ADCSRA: ADC Control and Status Register A = 0x87 |
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Bit 7= 1= ADC Enabled |
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Bit 6= ADSC: ADC Start Conversion Bit- In Single Conversion mode, write this bit to one to start each conversion. |
|||
Bit 4= ADIF: ADC Interrupt Flag- This bit is set when an ADC conversion completes and the Data Registers are updated |
|||
Bit [2:0] = 111 = Prescaler-128 |
|||
|
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ADMUX: ADC Multiplexer = 0xC0 |
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Bit [7:6] = 11 = Vref= 2.56V |
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Bit 5 = 0 = Result(10-bits-wide) is right-justified |
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Bit [4:0] = 00000 = Input at ADC0 |
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|
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ADCL: ADC Data Register Lower= stores the lower 8 bits of result of conversion |
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ADCH: ADC Data Register Higher= stores the higher 8 bits of result of conversion |
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@ -0,0 +1,201 @@ |
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AVR: Alf and Regards's RISC Processor |
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Installing AVR toolchain: |
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Basic requirements: |
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gcc-avr : a GNU C cross-compiler for specifically for AVR |
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avr-libc: it is a package for AVR C library |
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more info: https://www.nongnu.org/avr-libc/user-manual/index.html |
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https://exploreembedded.com/wiki/AVR_C_Library |
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|
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avrdude: it is a utility that transfers codes from the UBUNTU to the microcontroller. AVR downloader uploader: software(utility program) for downloading and uploading on-chip memories of Microchip's AVR microcontrollers |
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|
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arduino CLI: Arduino Command LIne Interface- Arduino CLI is a command line tool that contains all you need to easily build applications around the Arduino ecosystem. |
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Basic installation commands: |
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sudo apt-get install gcc-avr binutils-avr avr-libc |
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sudo apt-get install avrdude |
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sudo apt-get install arduino-cli or snap install arduino-cli |
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|
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More info about installation: https://www.nongnu.org/avr-libc/user-manual/install_tools.html |
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|
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|
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|
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Basic processes involved: |
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1)Compilation which creates object files |
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2)Linking the object files to create ELF files(Executable and Linkable Format) |
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3)Object-copy(assembly) to create hex files |
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4)Flashing(dumping) the hex file on the board using avrdude |
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more info: https://www.avrfreaks.net/forum/avr-gcc-compiling-linking-and-assembly --(pic in this website)-- |
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|
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Instructions to compile the code: |
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Compile and linking Instruction(generating object files and linking them): |
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avr-gcc -Os -mmcu=atmega2560 -c -o <destination_file-blinking_led> <source.c> //avoid using '-c' to avoid improper linking |
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Object Copy Instruction: |
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avr-objcopy -O ihex -R .eeprom <destination_file-blinking_led> <file_name.hex> |
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Programming(flashing the hex file on board): |
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avrdude -C /usr/share/arduino/hardware/tools/avrdude.conf -patmega2560 -cwiring -P /dev/ttyACM0 -b 115200 -D -U flash:w:<file_name.hex>:i |
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Execution using make: |
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GNU make: |
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The "make" utility automates the mundane aspects of building executable from source code. "make" uses a so-called makefile, which contains rules on how to build the executables. Make is different from a script as a script shows no intelligence. All instructions run blindly, without dpending on the consequences of the previous instructions. |
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|
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more info: https://www3.ntu.edu.sg/home/ehchua/programming/cpp/gcc_make.html#zz-1.6 |
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makefile youtube tutorial: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLNmACol6lYY7Dzvg7jKgvMdDaDEDFnNqD |
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|
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based on the makefile created.. |
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//change parameters accordingly in makefile to make sure the correct files get executed |
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Instructions: |
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make all |
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make flash |
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|
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Makefile: |
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# simple AVR Makefile |
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# |
|||
# written by michael cousins (http://github.com/mcous) |
|||
# released to the public domain |
|||
|
|||
# Makefile |
|||
# |
|||
# targets: |
|||
# all: compiles the source code |
|||
# test: tests the isp connection to the mcu |
|||
# flash: writes compiled hex file to the mcu's flash memory |
|||
# fuse: writes the fuse bytes to the MCU |
|||
# disasm: disassembles the code for debugging |
|||
# clean: removes all .hex, .elf, and .o files in the source code and library directories |
|||
|
|||
# parameters (change this stuff accordingly) |
|||
# project name |
|||
PRJ = main |
|||
# avr mcu |
|||
MCU = atmega2560 |
|||
# mcu clock frequency |
|||
CLK = 16000000 |
|||
# avr programmer (and port if necessary) |
|||
# e.g. PRG = usbtiny -or- PRG = arduino -P /dev/tty.usbmodem411 |
|||
PRG = wiring -P /dev/ttyACM0 |
|||
# fuse values for avr: low, high, and extended |
|||
# these values are from an Arduino Uno (ATMega328P) |
|||
# see http://www.engbedded.com/fusecalc/ for other MCUs and options |
|||
LFU = 0xFF |
|||
HFU = 0xD0 |
|||
EFU = 0xFD |
|||
# program source files (not including external libraries) |
|||
SRC = $(PRJ).c |
|||
# where to look for external libraries (consisting of .c/.cpp files and .h files) |
|||
# e.g. EXT = ../../EyeToSee ../../YouSART |
|||
EXT = |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
################################################################################################# |
|||
# \/ stuff nobody needs to worry about until such time that worrying about it is appropriate \/ # |
|||
################################################################################################# |
|||
|
|||
# include path |
|||
INCLUDE := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), -I$(dir)) |
|||
# c flags |
|||
CFLAGS = -Wall -Os -DF_CPU=$(CLK) -mmcu=$(MCU) $(INCLUDE) |
|||
# any aditional flags for c++ |
|||
CPPFLAGS = |
|||
|
|||
# executables |
|||
AVRDUDE = avrdude -C /usr/share/arduino/hardware/tools/avrdude.conf -c $(PRG) -p $(MCU) -b 115200 -D |
|||
OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy |
|||
OBJDUMP = avr-objdump |
|||
SIZE = avr-size --format=avr --mcu=$(MCU) |
|||
CC = avr-gcc |
|||
|
|||
# generate list of objects |
|||
CFILES = $(filter %.c, $(SRC)) |
|||
EXTC := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), $(wildcard $(dir)/*.c)) |
|||
CPPFILES = $(filter %.cpp, $(SRC)) |
|||
EXTCPP := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), $(wildcard $(dir)/*.cpp)) |
|||
OBJ = $(CFILES:.c=.o) $(EXTC:.c=.o) $(CPPFILES:.cpp=.o) $(EXTCPP:.cpp=.o) |
|||
|
|||
# user targets |
|||
# compile all files |
|||
all: $(PRJ).hex |
|||
|
|||
# test programmer connectivity |
|||
test: |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -v |
|||
|
|||
# flash program to mcu |
|||
flash: all |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -U flash:w:$(PRJ).hex:i |
|||
|
|||
# write fuses to mcu |
|||
fuse: |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -U lfuse:w:$(LFU):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFU):m -U efuse:w:$(EFU):m |
|||
|
|||
# generate disassembly files for debugging |
|||
disasm: $(PRJ).elf |
|||
$(OBJDUMP) -d $(PRJ).elf |
|||
|
|||
# remove compiled files |
|||
clean: |
|||
rm -f *.hex *.elf *.o |
|||
$(foreach dir, $(EXT), rm -f $(dir)/*.o;) |
|||
|
|||
# other targets |
|||
# objects from c files |
|||
.c.o: |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@ |
|||
|
|||
# objects from c++ files |
|||
.cpp.o: |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -c $< -o $@ |
|||
|
|||
# elf file |
|||
$(PRJ).elf: $(OBJ) |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $(PRJ).elf $(OBJ) |
|||
|
|||
# hex file |
|||
$(PRJ).hex: $(PRJ).elf |
|||
rm -f $(PRJ).hex |
|||
$(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $(PRJ).elf $(PRJ).hex |
|||
$(SIZE) $(PRJ).elf |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
main.c file for blinking of led code: |
|||
#include <avr/io.h> |
|||
#define F_CPU 16000000//16MHz |
|||
#define MS_DELAY 1000//1 second=1000 ms |
|||
#include <util/delay.h> |
|||
|
|||
int main(void) |
|||
{ |
|||
//pin 37-port C0 |
|||
DDRC = 0xff; |
|||
PORTC = 0xff; |
|||
|
|||
while(1) |
|||
{ |
|||
PORTC = 0x01; |
|||
_delay_ms(1000);//1 second delay |
|||
PORTC = 0x00; |
|||
_delay_ms(1000);//1 second delay |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
return 0; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
|
|||
|
|||
|
|||
|
|||
|
|||
@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ |
|||
# simple AVR Makefile
|
|||
#
|
|||
# written by michael cousins (http://github.com/mcous)
|
|||
# released to the public domain
|
|||
|
|||
# Makefile
|
|||
#
|
|||
# targets:
|
|||
# all: compiles the source code
|
|||
# test: tests the isp connection to the mcu
|
|||
# flash: writes compiled hex file to the mcu's flash memory
|
|||
# fuse: writes the fuse bytes to the MCU
|
|||
# disasm: disassembles the code for debugging
|
|||
# clean: removes all .hex, .elf, and .o files in the source code and library directories
|
|||
|
|||
# parameters (change this stuff accordingly)
|
|||
# project name
|
|||
PRJ = main |
|||
# avr mcu
|
|||
MCU = atmega2560 |
|||
# mcu clock frequency
|
|||
CLK = 16000000 |
|||
# avr programmer (and port if necessary)
|
|||
# e.g. PRG = usbtiny -or- PRG = arduino -P /dev/tty.usbmodem411
|
|||
PRG = wiring -P /dev/ttyACM0 |
|||
# fuse values for avr: low, high, and extended
|
|||
# these values are from an Arduino Uno (ATMega328P)
|
|||
# see http://www.engbedded.com/fusecalc/ for other MCUs and options
|
|||
LFU = 0xFF |
|||
HFU = 0xD0 |
|||
EFU = 0xFD |
|||
# program source files (not including external libraries)
|
|||
SRC = $(PRJ).c |
|||
# where to look for external libraries (consisting of .c/.cpp files and .h files)
|
|||
# e.g. EXT = ../../EyeToSee ../../YouSART
|
|||
EXT = |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
#################################################################################################
|
|||
# \/ stuff nobody needs to worry about until such time that worrying about it is appropriate \/ #
|
|||
#################################################################################################
|
|||
|
|||
# include path
|
|||
INCLUDE := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), -I$(dir)) |
|||
# c flags
|
|||
CFLAGS = -Wall -Os -DF_CPU=$(CLK) -mmcu=$(MCU) $(INCLUDE) |
|||
# any aditional flags for c++
|
|||
CPPFLAGS = |
|||
|
|||
# executables
|
|||
AVRDUDE = avrdude -C /usr/share/arduino/hardware/tools/avrdude.conf -c $(PRG) -p $(MCU) -b 115200 -D |
|||
OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy |
|||
OBJDUMP = avr-objdump |
|||
SIZE = avr-size --format=avr --mcu=$(MCU) |
|||
CC = avr-gcc |
|||
|
|||
# generate list of objects
|
|||
CFILES = $(filter %.c, $(SRC)) |
|||
EXTC := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), $(wildcard $(dir)/*.c)) |
|||
CPPFILES = $(filter %.cpp, $(SRC)) |
|||
EXTCPP := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), $(wildcard $(dir)/*.cpp)) |
|||
OBJ = $(CFILES:.c=.o) $(EXTC:.c=.o) $(CPPFILES:.cpp=.o) $(EXTCPP:.cpp=.o) |
|||
|
|||
# user targets
|
|||
# compile all files
|
|||
all: $(PRJ).hex |
|||
|
|||
# test programmer connectivity
|
|||
test: |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -v |
|||
|
|||
# flash program to mcu
|
|||
flash: all |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -U flash:w:$(PRJ).hex:i |
|||
|
|||
# write fuses to mcu
|
|||
fuse: |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -U lfuse:w:$(LFU):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFU):m -U efuse:w:$(EFU):m |
|||
|
|||
# generate disassembly files for debugging
|
|||
disasm: $(PRJ).elf |
|||
$(OBJDUMP) -d $(PRJ).elf |
|||
|
|||
# remove compiled files
|
|||
clean: |
|||
rm -f *.hex *.elf *.o |
|||
$(foreach dir, $(EXT), rm -f $(dir)/*.o;) |
|||
|
|||
# other targets
|
|||
# objects from c files
|
|||
.c.o: |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@ |
|||
|
|||
# objects from c++ files
|
|||
.cpp.o: |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -c $< -o $@ |
|||
|
|||
# elf file
|
|||
$(PRJ).elf: $(OBJ) |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $(PRJ).elf $(OBJ) |
|||
|
|||
# hex file
|
|||
$(PRJ).hex: $(PRJ).elf |
|||
rm -f $(PRJ).hex |
|||
$(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $(PRJ).elf $(PRJ).hex |
|||
$(SIZE) $(PRJ).elf |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ |
|||
//GPIO- Input Configuration
|
|||
|
|||
|
|||
#include <avr/io.h> |
|||
#define F_CPU 16000000//16MHz
|
|||
#include <util/delay.h> |
|||
|
|||
int main(void) |
|||
{ |
|||
//pin 37-port C0 ; C7- pin 30
|
|||
DDRC = 0xff;//port C direction: output
|
|||
DDRA = 0xff;//port A direction: output
|
|||
DDRB = 0x00;//pin 10-13: Port B4 to B7 //direction: input
|
|||
//PINB = 0x00;//clearing PINB register
|
|||
//PORTA = PINB;
|
|||
//while(1);
|
|||
|
|||
//enabling pull-up resistors//use=?//default output when pull-up enabled=high
|
|||
PORTB = 0xff; |
|||
//PORTC = 0xff;
|
|||
//PORTB=0x00;//disabling pull-up resistors?//does it help or not?
|
|||
while(1) |
|||
{ |
|||
PORTA = PINB;//PortA= pin 22-29
|
|||
if(PINB==0xFF) |
|||
{ |
|||
PORTC = 0x01; |
|||
_delay_ms(5); |
|||
PORTC = 0x00; |
|||
_delay_ms(5); |
|||
}//f=100Hz
|
|||
else if(PINB==0x00) |
|||
{ |
|||
PORTC = 0x01; |
|||
_delay_ms(10); |
|||
PORTC = 0x00; |
|||
_delay_ms(10); |
|||
}//f=50Hz
|
|||
/*else if(PINB==0x10)
|
|||
{ |
|||
PORTC = 0x01; |
|||
_delay_ms(7); |
|||
PORTC = 0x00; |
|||
_delay_ms(7); |
|||
}//f=approx 75Hz
|
|||
else if(PINB==0x20) |
|||
{ |
|||
PORTC = 0x01; |
|||
_delay_ms(20); |
|||
PORTC = 0x00; |
|||
_delay_ms(20); |
|||
}//f=25Hz
|
|||
*/ |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
} |
|||
Binary file not shown.
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ |
|||
:100000000C9472000C947E000C947E000C947E0084 |
|||
:100010000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0068 |
|||
:100020000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0058 |
|||
:100030000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0048 |
|||
:100040000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0038 |
|||
:100050000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0028 |
|||
:100060000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0018 |
|||
:100070000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0008 |
|||
:100080000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00F8 |
|||
:100090000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00E8 |
|||
:1000A0000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00D8 |
|||
:1000B0000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00C8 |
|||
:1000C0000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00B8 |
|||
:1000D0000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00A8 |
|||
:1000E0000C947E0011241FBECFEFD1E2DEBFCDBF46 |
|||
:1000F00000E00CBF0E9480000C94AA000C94000049 |
|||
:100100008FEF87B981B914B885B981E093B192B9FD |
|||
:1001100093B19F3F69F488B9EFE1FEE43197F1F7BD |
|||
:1001200000C0000018B8EFE1FEE43197F1F70FC00E |
|||
:1001300093B19111EBCF88B9EFE3FCE93197F1F777 |
|||
:1001400000C0000018B8EFE3FCE93197F1F700C0F8 |
|||
:080150000000DCCFF894FFCFA2 |
|||
:00000001FF |
|||
Binary file not shown.
@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ |
|||
Registers involved: |
|||
|
|||
GPIO: |
|||
DDRA: Data Direction Register for Port A= 0xFF for output (Port A- pin 22:29) |
|||
DDRB: Data Direction Register for Port B= 0x00 for input (Port B- pin 53:50[B0:B3] & pin 10:13[B4:B7] ) |
|||
DDRC: Data Direction Register for Port C= 0xFF for output (Port C- pin 37:30) |
|||
|
|||
PORTB: Port B Data Register |
|||
PINB: Port B Input Pins Address |
|||
|
|||
About pull-up and pull-down resistors: |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ |
|||
# simple AVR Makefile
|
|||
#
|
|||
# written by michael cousins (http://github.com/mcous)
|
|||
# released to the public domain
|
|||
|
|||
# Makefile
|
|||
#
|
|||
# targets:
|
|||
# all: compiles the source code
|
|||
# test: tests the isp connection to the mcu
|
|||
# flash: writes compiled hex file to the mcu's flash memory
|
|||
# fuse: writes the fuse bytes to the MCU
|
|||
# disasm: disassembles the code for debugging
|
|||
# clean: removes all .hex, .elf, and .o files in the source code and library directories
|
|||
|
|||
# parameters (change this stuff accordingly)
|
|||
# project name
|
|||
PRJ = main |
|||
# avr mcu
|
|||
MCU = atmega2560 |
|||
# mcu clock frequency
|
|||
CLK = 16000000 |
|||
# avr programmer (and port if necessary)
|
|||
# e.g. PRG = usbtiny -or- PRG = arduino -P /dev/tty.usbmodem411
|
|||
PRG = wiring -P /dev/ttyACM0 |
|||
# fuse values for avr: low, high, and extended
|
|||
# these values are from an Arduino Uno (ATMega328P)
|
|||
# see http://www.engbedded.com/fusecalc/ for other MCUs and options
|
|||
LFU = 0xFF |
|||
HFU = 0xD0 |
|||
EFU = 0xFD |
|||
# program source files (not including external libraries)
|
|||
SRC = $(PRJ).c |
|||
# where to look for external libraries (consisting of .c/.cpp files and .h files)
|
|||
# e.g. EXT = ../../EyeToSee ../../YouSART
|
|||
EXT = |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
#################################################################################################
|
|||
# \/ stuff nobody needs to worry about until such time that worrying about it is appropriate \/ #
|
|||
#################################################################################################
|
|||
|
|||
# include path
|
|||
INCLUDE := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), -I$(dir)) |
|||
# c flags
|
|||
CFLAGS = -Wall -Os -DF_CPU=$(CLK) -mmcu=$(MCU) $(INCLUDE) |
|||
# any aditional flags for c++
|
|||
CPPFLAGS = |
|||
|
|||
# executables
|
|||
AVRDUDE = avrdude -C /usr/share/arduino/hardware/tools/avrdude.conf -c $(PRG) -p $(MCU) -b 115200 -D |
|||
OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy |
|||
OBJDUMP = avr-objdump |
|||
SIZE = avr-size --format=avr --mcu=$(MCU) |
|||
CC = avr-gcc |
|||
|
|||
# generate list of objects
|
|||
CFILES = $(filter %.c, $(SRC)) |
|||
EXTC := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), $(wildcard $(dir)/*.c)) |
|||
CPPFILES = $(filter %.cpp, $(SRC)) |
|||
EXTCPP := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), $(wildcard $(dir)/*.cpp)) |
|||
OBJ = $(CFILES:.c=.o) $(EXTC:.c=.o) $(CPPFILES:.cpp=.o) $(EXTCPP:.cpp=.o) |
|||
|
|||
# user targets
|
|||
# compile all files
|
|||
all: $(PRJ).hex |
|||
|
|||
# test programmer connectivity
|
|||
test: |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -v |
|||
|
|||
# flash program to mcu
|
|||
flash: all |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -U flash:w:$(PRJ).hex:i |
|||
|
|||
# write fuses to mcu
|
|||
fuse: |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -U lfuse:w:$(LFU):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFU):m -U efuse:w:$(EFU):m |
|||
|
|||
# generate disassembly files for debugging
|
|||
disasm: $(PRJ).elf |
|||
$(OBJDUMP) -d $(PRJ).elf |
|||
|
|||
# remove compiled files
|
|||
clean: |
|||
rm -f *.hex *.elf *.o |
|||
$(foreach dir, $(EXT), rm -f $(dir)/*.o;) |
|||
|
|||
# other targets
|
|||
# objects from c files
|
|||
.c.o: |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@ |
|||
|
|||
# objects from c++ files
|
|||
.cpp.o: |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -c $< -o $@ |
|||
|
|||
# elf file
|
|||
$(PRJ).elf: $(OBJ) |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $(PRJ).elf $(OBJ) |
|||
|
|||
# hex file
|
|||
$(PRJ).hex: $(PRJ).elf |
|||
rm -f $(PRJ).hex |
|||
$(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $(PRJ).elf $(PRJ).hex |
|||
$(SIZE) $(PRJ).elf |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ |
|||
//GPIO- Input Configuration
|
|||
|
|||
|
|||
#include <avr/io.h> |
|||
#define F_CPU 16000000//16MHz
|
|||
#include <util/delay.h> |
|||
|
|||
int main(void) |
|||
{ |
|||
//pin 37-port C0 ; C7- pin 30
|
|||
DDRC = 0xff;//port C direction: output
|
|||
DDRA = 0xff;//port A direction: output
|
|||
DDRB = 0x00;//pin 10-13: Port B4 to B7 //direction: input
|
|||
//PINB = 0x00;//clearing PINB register
|
|||
//PORTA = PINB;
|
|||
//while(1);
|
|||
|
|||
//enabling pull-up resistors//use=?//default output when pull-up enabled=high
|
|||
PORTB = 0xff; |
|||
//PORTC = 0xff;
|
|||
//PORTB=0x00;//disabling pull-up resistors?//does it help or not?
|
|||
while(1) |
|||
{ |
|||
PORTA = PINB;//PortA= pin 22-29
|
|||
if(PINB==0xFF) |
|||
{ |
|||
PORTC = 0x01; |
|||
_delay_ms(5); |
|||
PORTC = 0x00; |
|||
_delay_ms(5); |
|||
}//f=100Hz
|
|||
else if(PINB==0x00) |
|||
{ |
|||
PORTC = 0x01; |
|||
_delay_ms(10); |
|||
PORTC = 0x00; |
|||
_delay_ms(10); |
|||
}//f=50Hz
|
|||
/*else if(PINB==0x10)
|
|||
{ |
|||
PORTC = 0x01; |
|||
_delay_ms(7); |
|||
PORTC = 0x00; |
|||
_delay_ms(7); |
|||
}//f=approx 75Hz
|
|||
else if(PINB==0x20) |
|||
{ |
|||
PORTC = 0x01; |
|||
_delay_ms(20); |
|||
PORTC = 0x00; |
|||
_delay_ms(20); |
|||
}//f=25Hz
|
|||
*/ |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
} |
|||
Binary file not shown.
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ |
|||
:100000000C9472000C947E000C947E000C947E0084 |
|||
:100010000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0068 |
|||
:100020000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0058 |
|||
:100030000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0048 |
|||
:100040000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0038 |
|||
:100050000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0028 |
|||
:100060000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0018 |
|||
:100070000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0008 |
|||
:100080000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00F8 |
|||
:100090000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00E8 |
|||
:1000A0000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00D8 |
|||
:1000B0000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00C8 |
|||
:1000C0000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00B8 |
|||
:1000D0000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00A8 |
|||
:1000E0000C947E0011241FBECFEFD1E2DEBFCDBF46 |
|||
:1000F00000E00CBF0E9480000C94AA000C94000049 |
|||
:100100008FEF87B981B914B885B981E093B192B9FD |
|||
:1001100093B19F3F69F488B9EFE1FEE43197F1F7BD |
|||
:1001200000C0000018B8EFE1FEE43197F1F70FC00E |
|||
:1001300093B19111EBCF88B9EFE3FCE93197F1F777 |
|||
:1001400000C0000018B8EFE3FCE93197F1F700C0F8 |
|||
:080150000000DCCFF894FFCFA2 |
|||
:00000001FF |
|||
Binary file not shown.
@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ |
|||
# simple AVR Makefile
|
|||
#
|
|||
# written by michael cousins (http://github.com/mcous)
|
|||
# released to the public domain
|
|||
|
|||
# Makefile
|
|||
#
|
|||
# targets:
|
|||
# all: compiles the source code
|
|||
# test: tests the isp connection to the mcu
|
|||
# flash: writes compiled hex file to the mcu's flash memory
|
|||
# fuse: writes the fuse bytes to the MCU
|
|||
# disasm: disassembles the code for debugging
|
|||
# clean: removes all .hex, .elf, and .o files in the source code and library directories
|
|||
|
|||
# parameters (change this stuff accordingly)
|
|||
# project name
|
|||
PRJ = main |
|||
# avr mcu
|
|||
MCU = atmega2560 |
|||
# mcu clock frequency
|
|||
CLK = 16000000 |
|||
# avr programmer (and port if necessary)
|
|||
# e.g. PRG = usbtiny -or- PRG = arduino -P /dev/tty.usbmodem411
|
|||
PRG = wiring -P /dev/ttyACM0 |
|||
# fuse values for avr: low, high, and extended
|
|||
# these values are from an Arduino Uno (ATMega328P)
|
|||
# see http://www.engbedded.com/fusecalc/ for other MCUs and options
|
|||
LFU = 0xFF |
|||
HFU = 0xD0 |
|||
EFU = 0xFD |
|||
# program source files (not including external libraries)
|
|||
SRC = $(PRJ).c |
|||
# where to look for external libraries (consisting of .c/.cpp files and .h files)
|
|||
# e.g. EXT = ../../EyeToSee ../../YouSART
|
|||
EXT = |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
#################################################################################################
|
|||
# \/ stuff nobody needs to worry about until such time that worrying about it is appropriate \/ #
|
|||
#################################################################################################
|
|||
|
|||
# include path
|
|||
INCLUDE := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), -I$(dir)) |
|||
# c flags
|
|||
CFLAGS = -Wall -Os -DF_CPU=$(CLK) -mmcu=$(MCU) $(INCLUDE) |
|||
# any aditional flags for c++
|
|||
CPPFLAGS = |
|||
|
|||
# executables
|
|||
AVRDUDE = avrdude -C /usr/share/arduino/hardware/tools/avrdude.conf -c $(PRG) -p $(MCU) -b 115200 -D |
|||
OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy |
|||
OBJDUMP = avr-objdump |
|||
SIZE = avr-size --format=avr --mcu=$(MCU) |
|||
CC = avr-gcc |
|||
|
|||
# generate list of objects
|
|||
CFILES = $(filter %.c, $(SRC)) |
|||
EXTC := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), $(wildcard $(dir)/*.c)) |
|||
CPPFILES = $(filter %.cpp, $(SRC)) |
|||
EXTCPP := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), $(wildcard $(dir)/*.cpp)) |
|||
OBJ = $(CFILES:.c=.o) $(EXTC:.c=.o) $(CPPFILES:.cpp=.o) $(EXTCPP:.cpp=.o) |
|||
|
|||
# user targets
|
|||
# compile all files
|
|||
all: $(PRJ).hex |
|||
|
|||
# test programmer connectivity
|
|||
test: |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -v |
|||
|
|||
# flash program to mcu
|
|||
flash: all |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -U flash:w:$(PRJ).hex:i |
|||
|
|||
# write fuses to mcu
|
|||
fuse: |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -U lfuse:w:$(LFU):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFU):m -U efuse:w:$(EFU):m |
|||
|
|||
# generate disassembly files for debugging
|
|||
disasm: $(PRJ).elf |
|||
$(OBJDUMP) -d $(PRJ).elf |
|||
|
|||
# remove compiled files
|
|||
clean: |
|||
rm -f *.hex *.elf *.o |
|||
$(foreach dir, $(EXT), rm -f $(dir)/*.o;) |
|||
|
|||
# other targets
|
|||
# objects from c files
|
|||
.c.o: |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@ |
|||
|
|||
# objects from c++ files
|
|||
.cpp.o: |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -c $< -o $@ |
|||
|
|||
# elf file
|
|||
$(PRJ).elf: $(OBJ) |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $(PRJ).elf $(OBJ) |
|||
|
|||
# hex file
|
|||
$(PRJ).hex: $(PRJ).elf |
|||
rm -f $(PRJ).hex |
|||
$(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $(PRJ).elf $(PRJ).hex |
|||
$(SIZE) $(PRJ).elf |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ |
|||
#define F_CPU 16000000 |
|||
#define MS_DELAY 1000 |
|||
#include <avr/io.h> |
|||
#include <util/delay.h> |
|||
|
|||
volatile int i,j,k; |
|||
|
|||
int main (void) { |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
//DDRB &= 0x7F;
|
|||
//PORTB &= 0x7F;
|
|||
DDRC = 0xff; |
|||
PORTC = 0xff; |
|||
|
|||
//while(1);
|
|||
|
|||
|
|||
PORTC = 0x00; |
|||
//PORTC pins= pins 30-37
|
|||
while(1) |
|||
{ |
|||
PORTC = 0xff; |
|||
// PORTC ^= 0xff;
|
|||
|
|||
|
|||
for (i = 0; i < 500; i++) |
|||
{ |
|||
for (j = 0; j < 10; j++) |
|||
{ |
|||
for (k = 0; k < 10; k++); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
PORTC = 0x00; |
|||
//PORTB &= 0x00;
|
|||
for (i = 0; i < 500; i++) |
|||
{ |
|||
for (j = 0; j < 10; j++) |
|||
{ |
|||
for (k = 0; k < 10; k++); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
//PORTB &= 0x00;
|
|||
//PORTB |= 0x80;
|
|||
|
|||
|
|||
|
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
|
|||
//DDRB |= ~_BV(DDB7);
|
|||
|
|||
/* while(1){
|
|||
//PORTB |= 0x20;
|
|||
PORTB |= (0<<PB7) ; |
|||
_delay_ms(1000); |
|||
// PORTB &= ~0x20;
|
|||
PORTB &= ~(0<<PB7) ; |
|||
_delay_ms(1000); |
|||
} */ |
|||
|
|||
/*while(1) {
|
|||
//Set to one the fifth bit of PORTB to one
|
|||
// Set to HIGH the pin 13
|
|||
PORTB |= _BV(PORTB7); |
|||
|
|||
//Wait 3000 ms
|
|||
_delay_ms(MS_DELAY); |
|||
|
|||
//Set to zero the fifth bit of PORTB
|
|||
//Set to LOW the pin 13
|
|||
PORTB &= _BV(PORTB7); |
|||
|
|||
//Wait 3000 ms
|
|||
_delay_ms(MS_DELAY); |
|||
}*/ |
|||
|
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
/*
|
|||
#include <avr/io.h> |
|||
#define F_CPU 1000000 |
|||
#include <util/delay.h> |
|||
|
|||
int main(void) |
|||
{ |
|||
DDRA = 0x01; |
|||
|
|||
while(1) |
|||
{ |
|||
PORTA = 0x01; |
|||
_delay_ms(1000); |
|||
PORTA = 0x00; |
|||
_delay_ms(1000); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
return 0; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
*/ |
|||
Binary file not shown.
@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ |
|||
:100000000C9472000C9486000C9486000C9486006C |
|||
:100010000C9486000C9486000C9486000C94860048 |
|||
:100020000C9486000C9486000C9486000C94860038 |
|||
:100030000C9486000C9486000C9486000C94860028 |
|||
:100040000C9486000C9486000C9486000C94860018 |
|||
:100050000C9486000C9486000C9486000C94860008 |
|||
:100060000C9486000C9486000C9486000C948600F8 |
|||
:100070000C9486000C9486000C9486000C948600E8 |
|||
:100080000C9486000C9486000C9486000C948600D8 |
|||
:100090000C9486000C9486000C9486000C948600C8 |
|||
:1000A0000C9486000C9486000C9486000C948600B8 |
|||
:1000B0000C9486000C9486000C9486000C948600A8 |
|||
:1000C0000C9486000C9486000C9486000C94860098 |
|||
:1000D0000C9486000C9486000C9486000C94860088 |
|||
:1000E0000C94860011241FBECFEFD1E2DEBFCDBF3E |
|||
:1000F00000E00CBF22E0A0E0B2E001C01D92A630FB |
|||
:10010000B207E1F70E9488000C940A010C940000E9 |
|||
:100110008FEF87B988B918B82FEF28B91092050268 |
|||
:10012000109204028091040290910502843F914054 |
|||
:1001300094F51092010210920002809100029091B9 |
|||
:1001400001020A97F4F410920302109202028091C5 |
|||
:100150000202909103020A9754F480910202909156 |
|||
:10016000030201969093030280930202F0CF8091E4 |
|||
:100170000002909101020196909301028093000287 |
|||
:10018000DCCF8091040290910502019690930502C4 |
|||
:1001900080930402C7CF18B810920502109204028F |
|||
:1001A0008091040290910502843F91400CF0B5CFFC |
|||
:1001B00010920102109200028091000290910102BF |
|||
:1001C0000A97F4F410920302109202028091020244 |
|||
:1001D000909103020A9754F48091020290910302D5 |
|||
:1001E00001969093030280930202F0CF8091000267 |
|||
:1001F0009091010201969093010280930002DCCF5E |
|||
:1002000080910402909105020196909305028093DB |
|||
:080210000402C6CFF894FFCFF1 |
|||
:00000001FF |
|||
Binary file not shown.
@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ |
|||
F_CPU= 16000000= To set clock frequency as 16MHz |
|||
MS_DELAY= 1000= To set value 1000 as equivalent to 1 second |
|||
|
|||
Registers Involved: |
|||
DDRC: Data Direction Register for Port C= 0xFF for output |
|||
PORTC: Port C Data Register= Data written here is observed in the corresponding output pins(Port C= pin 37:30) |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ |
|||
# simple AVR Makefile
|
|||
#
|
|||
# written by michael cousins (http://github.com/mcous)
|
|||
# released to the public domain
|
|||
|
|||
# Makefile
|
|||
#
|
|||
# targets:
|
|||
# all: compiles the source code
|
|||
# test: tests the isp connection to the mcu
|
|||
# flash: writes compiled hex file to the mcu's flash memory
|
|||
# fuse: writes the fuse bytes to the MCU
|
|||
# disasm: disassembles the code for debugging
|
|||
# clean: removes all .hex, .elf, and .o files in the source code and library directories
|
|||
|
|||
# parameters (change this stuff accordingly)
|
|||
# project name
|
|||
PRJ = inbuilt_delay |
|||
# avr mcu
|
|||
MCU = atmega2560 |
|||
# mcu clock frequency
|
|||
CLK = 16000000 |
|||
# avr programmer (and port if necessary)
|
|||
# e.g. PRG = usbtiny -or- PRG = arduino -P /dev/tty.usbmodem411
|
|||
PRG = wiring -P /dev/ttyACM0 |
|||
# fuse values for avr: low, high, and extended
|
|||
# these values are from an Arduino Uno (ATMega328P)
|
|||
# see http://www.engbedded.com/fusecalc/ for other MCUs and options
|
|||
LFU = 0xFF |
|||
HFU = 0xD0 |
|||
EFU = 0xFD |
|||
# program source files (not including external libraries)
|
|||
SRC = $(PRJ).c |
|||
# where to look for external libraries (consisting of .c/.cpp files and .h files)
|
|||
# e.g. EXT = ../../EyeToSee ../../YouSART
|
|||
EXT = |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
#################################################################################################
|
|||
# \/ stuff nobody needs to worry about until such time that worrying about it is appropriate \/ #
|
|||
#################################################################################################
|
|||
|
|||
# include path
|
|||
INCLUDE := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), -I$(dir)) |
|||
# c flags
|
|||
CFLAGS = -Wall -Os -DF_CPU=$(CLK) -mmcu=$(MCU) $(INCLUDE) |
|||
# any aditional flags for c++
|
|||
CPPFLAGS = |
|||
|
|||
# executables
|
|||
AVRDUDE = avrdude -C /usr/share/arduino/hardware/tools/avrdude.conf -c $(PRG) -p $(MCU) -b 115200 -D |
|||
OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy |
|||
OBJDUMP = avr-objdump |
|||
SIZE = avr-size --format=avr --mcu=$(MCU) |
|||
CC = avr-gcc |
|||
|
|||
# generate list of objects
|
|||
CFILES = $(filter %.c, $(SRC)) |
|||
EXTC := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), $(wildcard $(dir)/*.c)) |
|||
CPPFILES = $(filter %.cpp, $(SRC)) |
|||
EXTCPP := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), $(wildcard $(dir)/*.cpp)) |
|||
OBJ = $(CFILES:.c=.o) $(EXTC:.c=.o) $(CPPFILES:.cpp=.o) $(EXTCPP:.cpp=.o) |
|||
|
|||
# user targets
|
|||
# compile all files
|
|||
all: $(PRJ).hex |
|||
|
|||
# test programmer connectivity
|
|||
test: |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -v |
|||
|
|||
# flash program to mcu
|
|||
flash: all |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -U flash:w:$(PRJ).hex:i |
|||
|
|||
# write fuses to mcu
|
|||
fuse: |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -U lfuse:w:$(LFU):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFU):m -U efuse:w:$(EFU):m |
|||
|
|||
# generate disassembly files for debugging
|
|||
disasm: $(PRJ).elf |
|||
$(OBJDUMP) -d $(PRJ).elf |
|||
|
|||
# remove compiled files
|
|||
clean: |
|||
rm -f *.hex *.elf *.o |
|||
$(foreach dir, $(EXT), rm -f $(dir)/*.o;) |
|||
|
|||
# other targets
|
|||
# objects from c files
|
|||
.c.o: |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@ |
|||
|
|||
# objects from c++ files
|
|||
.cpp.o: |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -c $< -o $@ |
|||
|
|||
# elf file
|
|||
$(PRJ).elf: $(OBJ) |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $(PRJ).elf $(OBJ) |
|||
|
|||
# hex file
|
|||
$(PRJ).hex: $(PRJ).elf |
|||
rm -f $(PRJ).hex |
|||
$(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $(PRJ).elf $(PRJ).hex |
|||
$(SIZE) $(PRJ).elf |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ |
|||
#include <avr/io.h> |
|||
#define F_CPU 1000000 |
|||
#include <util/delay.h> |
|||
|
|||
int main(void) |
|||
{ |
|||
//pin 37-port C0
|
|||
DDRC = 0xff; |
|||
PORTC = 0xff; |
|||
|
|||
while(1) |
|||
{ |
|||
PORTC = 0x01; |
|||
_delay_ms(20000); |
|||
PORTC = 0x00; |
|||
_delay_ms(20000); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
return 0; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
//name of file is toggle_inbuilt and accordingly changes have been made in makefile
|
|||
Binary file not shown.
@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ |
|||
:100000000C9472000C947E000C947E000C947E0084 |
|||
:100010000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0068 |
|||
:100020000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0058 |
|||
:100030000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0048 |
|||
:100040000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0038 |
|||
:100050000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0028 |
|||
:100060000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0018 |
|||
:100070000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0008 |
|||
:100080000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00F8 |
|||
:100090000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00E8 |
|||
:1000A0000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00D8 |
|||
:1000B0000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00C8 |
|||
:1000C0000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00B8 |
|||
:1000D0000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00A8 |
|||
:1000E0000C947E0011241FBECFEFD1E2DEBFCDBF46 |
|||
:1000F00000E00CBF0E9480000C9499000C9400005A |
|||
:100100008FEF87B988B981E088B92FEF38E09DE398 |
|||
:10011000215030409040E1F700C0000018B82FEFA8 |
|||
:1001200038E09DE3215030409040E1F700C00000EE |
|||
:06013000EBCFF894FFCFB5 |
|||
:00000001FF |
|||
Binary file not shown.
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ |
|||
#include <avr/io.h> |
|||
#define F_CPU 16000000//16MHz
|
|||
#define MS_DELAY 1000//1 second=1000 ms
|
|||
#include <util/delay.h> |
|||
|
|||
int main(void) |
|||
{ |
|||
//pin 37-port C0
|
|||
DDRC = 0xff; |
|||
PORTC = 0xff; |
|||
|
|||
while(1) |
|||
{ |
|||
PORTC = 0x01; |
|||
_delay_ms(1000);//1 second delay
|
|||
PORTC = 0x00; |
|||
_delay_ms(1000);//1 second delay
|
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
return 0; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
//name of file is toggle_inbuilt and accordingly changes have been made in makefile
|
|||
Binary file not shown.
@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ |
|||
:100000000C9472000C947E000C947E000C947E0084 |
|||
:100010000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0068 |
|||
:100020000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0058 |
|||
:100030000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0048 |
|||
:100040000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0038 |
|||
:100050000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0028 |
|||
:100060000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0018 |
|||
:100070000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0008 |
|||
:100080000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00F8 |
|||
:100090000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00E8 |
|||
:1000A0000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00D8 |
|||
:1000B0000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00C8 |
|||
:1000C0000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00B8 |
|||
:1000D0000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00A8 |
|||
:1000E0000C947E0011241FBECFEFD1E2DEBFCDBF46 |
|||
:1000F00000E00CBF0E9480000C9499000C9400005A |
|||
:100100008FEF87B988B981E088B92FE734E89EE19D |
|||
:10011000215030409040E1F700C0000018B82FE7B0 |
|||
:1001200034E89EE1215030409040E1F700C00000EB |
|||
:06013000EBCFF894FFCFB5 |
|||
:00000001FF |
|||
Binary file not shown.
@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ |
|||
F_CPU= 16000000= To set clock frequency as 16MHz |
|||
MS_DELAY= 1000= To set value 1000 as equivalent to 1 second |
|||
|
|||
Registers Involved: |
|||
DDRC: Data Direction Register for Port C= 0xFF for output |
|||
PORTC: Port C Data Register= Data written here is observed in the corresponding output pins(Port C= pin 37:30) |
|||
|
|||
in-built function used: _delay_ms() |
|||
This function takes in "compiler-time" constants as a parameter,which defines the delay in milliseconds |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ |
|||
# simple AVR Makefile
|
|||
#
|
|||
# written by michael cousins (http://github.com/mcous)
|
|||
# released to the public domain
|
|||
|
|||
# Makefile
|
|||
#
|
|||
# targets:
|
|||
# all: compiles the source code
|
|||
# test: tests the isp connection to the mcu
|
|||
# flash: writes compiled hex file to the mcu's flash memory
|
|||
# fuse: writes the fuse bytes to the MCU
|
|||
# disasm: disassembles the code for debugging
|
|||
# clean: removes all .hex, .elf, and .o files in the source code and library directories
|
|||
|
|||
# parameters (change this stuff accordingly)
|
|||
# project name
|
|||
PRJ = main |
|||
# avr mcu
|
|||
MCU = atmega2560 |
|||
# mcu clock frequency
|
|||
CLK = 16000000 |
|||
# avr programmer (and port if necessary)
|
|||
# e.g. PRG = usbtiny -or- PRG = arduino -P /dev/tty.usbmodem411
|
|||
PRG = wiring -P /dev/ttyACM0 |
|||
# fuse values for avr: low, high, and extended
|
|||
# these values are from an Arduino Uno (ATMega328P)
|
|||
# see http://www.engbedded.com/fusecalc/ for other MCUs and options
|
|||
LFU = 0xFF |
|||
HFU = 0xD0 |
|||
EFU = 0xFD |
|||
# program source files (not including external libraries)
|
|||
SRC = $(PRJ).c |
|||
# where to look for external libraries (consisting of .c/.cpp files and .h files)
|
|||
# e.g. EXT = ../../EyeToSee ../../YouSART
|
|||
EXT = |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
#################################################################################################
|
|||
# \/ stuff nobody needs to worry about until such time that worrying about it is appropriate \/ #
|
|||
#################################################################################################
|
|||
|
|||
# include path
|
|||
INCLUDE := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), -I$(dir)) |
|||
# c flags
|
|||
CFLAGS = -Wall -Os -DF_CPU=$(CLK) -mmcu=$(MCU) $(INCLUDE) |
|||
# any aditional flags for c++
|
|||
CPPFLAGS = |
|||
|
|||
# executables
|
|||
AVRDUDE = avrdude -C /usr/share/arduino/hardware/tools/avrdude.conf -c $(PRG) -p $(MCU) -b 115200 -D |
|||
OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy |
|||
OBJDUMP = avr-objdump |
|||
SIZE = avr-size --format=avr --mcu=$(MCU) |
|||
CC = avr-gcc |
|||
|
|||
# generate list of objects
|
|||
CFILES = $(filter %.c, $(SRC)) |
|||
EXTC := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), $(wildcard $(dir)/*.c)) |
|||
CPPFILES = $(filter %.cpp, $(SRC)) |
|||
EXTCPP := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), $(wildcard $(dir)/*.cpp)) |
|||
OBJ = $(CFILES:.c=.o) $(EXTC:.c=.o) $(CPPFILES:.cpp=.o) $(EXTCPP:.cpp=.o) |
|||
|
|||
# user targets
|
|||
# compile all files
|
|||
all: $(PRJ).hex |
|||
|
|||
# test programmer connectivity
|
|||
test: |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -v |
|||
|
|||
# flash program to mcu
|
|||
flash: all |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -U flash:w:$(PRJ).hex:i |
|||
|
|||
# write fuses to mcu
|
|||
fuse: |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -U lfuse:w:$(LFU):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFU):m -U efuse:w:$(EFU):m |
|||
|
|||
# generate disassembly files for debugging
|
|||
disasm: $(PRJ).elf |
|||
$(OBJDUMP) -d $(PRJ).elf |
|||
|
|||
# remove compiled files
|
|||
clean: |
|||
rm -f *.hex *.elf *.o |
|||
$(foreach dir, $(EXT), rm -f $(dir)/*.o;) |
|||
|
|||
# other targets
|
|||
# objects from c files
|
|||
.c.o: |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@ |
|||
|
|||
# objects from c++ files
|
|||
.cpp.o: |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -c $< -o $@ |
|||
|
|||
# elf file
|
|||
$(PRJ).elf: $(OBJ) |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $(PRJ).elf $(OBJ) |
|||
|
|||
# hex file
|
|||
$(PRJ).hex: $(PRJ).elf |
|||
rm -f $(PRJ).hex |
|||
$(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $(PRJ).elf $(PRJ).hex |
|||
$(SIZE) $(PRJ).elf |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ |
|||
#define F_CPU 16000000 |
|||
#define MS_DELAY 1000 |
|||
#include <avr/io.h> |
|||
#include <util/delay.h> |
|||
|
|||
volatile int i,j,k; |
|||
|
|||
int main (void) { |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
//DDRB &= 0x7F;
|
|||
//PORTB &= 0x7F;
|
|||
DDRC = 0xff; |
|||
PORTC = 0xff; |
|||
|
|||
//while(1);
|
|||
|
|||
|
|||
PORTC = 0x00; |
|||
//PORTC pins= pins 30-37
|
|||
while(1) |
|||
{ |
|||
PORTC = 0xff; |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) |
|||
{ |
|||
for (j = 0; j < 100; j++) |
|||
{ |
|||
for (k = 0; k < 100; k++); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
PORTC = 0x00; |
|||
|
|||
for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) |
|||
{ |
|||
for (j = 0; j < 100; j++) |
|||
{ |
|||
for (k = 0; k < 100; k++); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
|
|||
|
|||
} |
|||
Binary file not shown.
@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ |
|||
:100000000C9472000C9486000C9486000C9486006C |
|||
:100010000C9486000C9486000C9486000C94860048 |
|||
:100020000C9486000C9486000C9486000C94860038 |
|||
:100030000C9486000C9486000C9486000C94860028 |
|||
:100040000C9486000C9486000C9486000C94860018 |
|||
:100050000C9486000C9486000C9486000C94860008 |
|||
:100060000C9486000C9486000C9486000C948600F8 |
|||
:100070000C9486000C9486000C9486000C948600E8 |
|||
:100080000C9486000C9486000C9486000C948600D8 |
|||
:100090000C9486000C9486000C9486000C948600C8 |
|||
:1000A0000C9486000C9486000C9486000C948600B8 |
|||
:1000B0000C9486000C9486000C9486000C948600A8 |
|||
:1000C0000C9486000C9486000C9486000C94860098 |
|||
:1000D0000C9486000C9486000C9486000C94860088 |
|||
:1000E0000C94860011241FBECFEFD1E2DEBFCDBF3E |
|||
:1000F00000E00CBF22E0A0E0B2E001C01D92A630FB |
|||
:10010000B207E1F70E9488000C940C010C940000E7 |
|||
:100110008FEF87B988B918B82FEF28B91092050268 |
|||
:100120001092040280910402909105020597A4F5B3 |
|||
:10013000109201021092000280910002909101023F |
|||
:1001400084369105FCF41092030210920202809111 |
|||
:100150000202909103028436910554F480910202C8 |
|||
:100160009091030201969093030280930202EFCFD5 |
|||
:100170008091000290910102019690930102809378 |
|||
:100180000002DACF809104029091050201969093CB |
|||
:10019000050280930402C6CF18B81092050210928F |
|||
:1001A0000402809104029091050205970CF0B5CFEE |
|||
:1001B00010920102109200028091000290910102BF |
|||
:1001C00084369105FCF41092030210920202809191 |
|||
:1001D0000202909103028436910554F48091020248 |
|||
:1001E0009091030201969093030280930202EFCF55 |
|||
:1001F00080910002909101020196909301028093F8 |
|||
:100200000002DACF8091040290910502019690934A |
|||
:0C021000050280930402C5CFF894FFCFD4 |
|||
:00000001FF |
|||
Binary file not shown.
@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ |
|||
F_CPU= 16000000= To set clock frequency as 16MHz |
|||
MS_DELAY= 1000= To set value 1000 as equivalent to 1 second |
|||
|
|||
Registers Involved: |
|||
DDRC: Data Direction Register for Port C= 0xFF for output |
|||
PORTC: Port C Data Register= Data written here is observed in the corresponding output pins(Port C= pin 37:30) |
|||
|
|||
delay designed: |
|||
Delay is implemented by running nested for-loops. We are using the fact that [5*100*100 = 50000] blank instructions induces approximately a delay of 0.06 seconds |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ |
|||
# simple AVR Makefile
|
|||
#
|
|||
# written by michael cousins (http://github.com/mcous)
|
|||
# released to the public domain
|
|||
|
|||
# Makefile
|
|||
#
|
|||
# targets:
|
|||
# all: compiles the source code
|
|||
# test: tests the isp connection to the mcu
|
|||
# flash: writes compiled hex file to the mcu's flash memory
|
|||
# fuse: writes the fuse bytes to the MCU
|
|||
# disasm: disassembles the code for debugging
|
|||
# clean: removes all .hex, .elf, and .o files in the source code and library directories
|
|||
|
|||
# parameters (change this stuff accordingly)
|
|||
# project name
|
|||
PRJ = main |
|||
# avr mcu
|
|||
MCU = atmega2560 |
|||
# mcu clock frequency
|
|||
CLK = 16000000 |
|||
# avr programmer (and port if necessary)
|
|||
# e.g. PRG = usbtiny -or- PRG = arduino -P /dev/tty.usbmodem411
|
|||
PRG = wiring -P /dev/ttyACM0 |
|||
# fuse values for avr: low, high, and extended
|
|||
# these values are from an Arduino Uno (ATMega328P)
|
|||
# see http://www.engbedded.com/fusecalc/ for other MCUs and options
|
|||
LFU = 0xFF |
|||
HFU = 0xD0 |
|||
EFU = 0xFD |
|||
# program source files (not including external libraries)
|
|||
SRC = $(PRJ).c |
|||
# where to look for external libraries (consisting of .c/.cpp files and .h files)
|
|||
# e.g. EXT = ../../EyeToSee ../../YouSART
|
|||
EXT = |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
#################################################################################################
|
|||
# \/ stuff nobody needs to worry about until such time that worrying about it is appropriate \/ #
|
|||
#################################################################################################
|
|||
|
|||
# include path
|
|||
INCLUDE := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), -I$(dir)) |
|||
# c flags
|
|||
CFLAGS = -Wall -Os -DF_CPU=$(CLK) -mmcu=$(MCU) $(INCLUDE) |
|||
# any aditional flags for c++
|
|||
CPPFLAGS = |
|||
|
|||
# executables
|
|||
AVRDUDE = avrdude -C /usr/share/arduino/hardware/tools/avrdude.conf -c $(PRG) -p $(MCU) -b 115200 -D |
|||
OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy |
|||
OBJDUMP = avr-objdump |
|||
SIZE = avr-size --format=avr --mcu=$(MCU) |
|||
CC = avr-gcc |
|||
|
|||
# generate list of objects
|
|||
CFILES = $(filter %.c, $(SRC)) |
|||
EXTC := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), $(wildcard $(dir)/*.c)) |
|||
CPPFILES = $(filter %.cpp, $(SRC)) |
|||
EXTCPP := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), $(wildcard $(dir)/*.cpp)) |
|||
OBJ = $(CFILES:.c=.o) $(EXTC:.c=.o) $(CPPFILES:.cpp=.o) $(EXTCPP:.cpp=.o) |
|||
|
|||
# user targets
|
|||
# compile all files
|
|||
all: $(PRJ).hex |
|||
|
|||
# test programmer connectivity
|
|||
test: |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -v |
|||
|
|||
# flash program to mcu
|
|||
flash: all |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -U flash:w:$(PRJ).hex:i |
|||
|
|||
# write fuses to mcu
|
|||
fuse: |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -U lfuse:w:$(LFU):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFU):m -U efuse:w:$(EFU):m |
|||
|
|||
# generate disassembly files for debugging
|
|||
disasm: $(PRJ).elf |
|||
$(OBJDUMP) -d $(PRJ).elf |
|||
|
|||
# remove compiled files
|
|||
clean: |
|||
rm -f *.hex *.elf *.o |
|||
$(foreach dir, $(EXT), rm -f $(dir)/*.o;) |
|||
|
|||
# other targets
|
|||
# objects from c files
|
|||
.c.o: |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@ |
|||
|
|||
# objects from c++ files
|
|||
.cpp.o: |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -c $< -o $@ |
|||
|
|||
# elf file
|
|||
$(PRJ).elf: $(OBJ) |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $(PRJ).elf $(OBJ) |
|||
|
|||
# hex file
|
|||
$(PRJ).hex: $(PRJ).elf |
|||
rm -f $(PRJ).hex |
|||
$(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $(PRJ).elf $(PRJ).hex |
|||
$(SIZE) $(PRJ).elf |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ |
|||
#define F_CPU 16000000 |
|||
#define MS_DELAY 1000 |
|||
#include <avr/io.h> |
|||
#include <util/delay.h> |
|||
|
|||
volatile int i,j,k; |
|||
|
|||
int main (void) { |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
//DDRB &= 0x7F;
|
|||
//PORTB &= 0x7F;
|
|||
DDRC = 0xff; |
|||
PORTC = 0xff; |
|||
|
|||
//while(1);
|
|||
|
|||
|
|||
PORTC = 0x00; |
|||
|
|||
while(1) |
|||
{ |
|||
//toggling pin 37
|
|||
PORTC = 0x01; |
|||
// PORTC ^= 0xff;
|
|||
|
|||
|
|||
for (i = 0; i < 500; i++) |
|||
{ |
|||
for (j = 0; j < 10; j++) |
|||
{ |
|||
for (k = 0; k < 10; k++); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
PORTC = 0x00; |
|||
//PORTB &= 0x00;
|
|||
for (i = 0; i < 500; i++) |
|||
{ |
|||
for (j = 0; j < 10; j++) |
|||
{ |
|||
for (k = 0; k < 10; k++); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
//PORTB &= 0x00;
|
|||
//PORTB |= 0x80;
|
|||
|
|||
|
|||
|
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
|
|||
//DDRB |= ~_BV(DDB7);
|
|||
|
|||
/* while(1){
|
|||
//PORTB |= 0x20;
|
|||
PORTB |= (0<<PB7) ; |
|||
_delay_ms(1000); |
|||
// PORTB &= ~0x20;
|
|||
PORTB &= ~(0<<PB7) ; |
|||
_delay_ms(1000); |
|||
} */ |
|||
|
|||
/*while(1) {
|
|||
//Set to one the fifth bit of PORTB to one
|
|||
// Set to HIGH the pin 13
|
|||
PORTB |= _BV(PORTB7); |
|||
|
|||
//Wait 3000 ms
|
|||
_delay_ms(MS_DELAY); |
|||
|
|||
//Set to zero the fifth bit of PORTB
|
|||
//Set to LOW the pin 13
|
|||
PORTB &= _BV(PORTB7); |
|||
|
|||
//Wait 3000 ms
|
|||
_delay_ms(MS_DELAY); |
|||
}*/ |
|||
|
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
/*
|
|||
#include <avr/io.h> |
|||
#define F_CPU 1000000 |
|||
#include <util/delay.h> |
|||
|
|||
int main(void) |
|||
{ |
|||
DDRA = 0x01; |
|||
|
|||
while(1) |
|||
{ |
|||
PORTA = 0x01; |
|||
_delay_ms(1000); |
|||
PORTA = 0x00; |
|||
_delay_ms(1000); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
return 0; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
*/ |
|||
Binary file not shown.
@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ |
|||
:100000000C9472000C9486000C9486000C9486006C |
|||
:100010000C9486000C9486000C9486000C94860048 |
|||
:100020000C9486000C9486000C9486000C94860038 |
|||
:100030000C9486000C9486000C9486000C94860028 |
|||
:100040000C9486000C9486000C9486000C94860018 |
|||
:100050000C9486000C9486000C9486000C94860008 |
|||
:100060000C9486000C9486000C9486000C948600F8 |
|||
:100070000C9486000C9486000C9486000C948600E8 |
|||
:100080000C9486000C9486000C9486000C948600D8 |
|||
:100090000C9486000C9486000C9486000C948600C8 |
|||
:1000A0000C9486000C9486000C9486000C948600B8 |
|||
:1000B0000C9486000C9486000C9486000C948600A8 |
|||
:1000C0000C9486000C9486000C9486000C94860098 |
|||
:1000D0000C9486000C9486000C9486000C94860088 |
|||
:1000E0000C94860011241FBECFEFD1E2DEBFCDBF3E |
|||
:1000F00000E00CBF22E0A0E0B2E001C01D92A630FB |
|||
:10010000B207E1F70E9488000C940A010C940000E9 |
|||
:100110008FEF87B988B918B821E028B91092050285 |
|||
:10012000109204028091040290910502843F914054 |
|||
:1001300094F51092010210920002809100029091B9 |
|||
:1001400001020A97F4F410920302109202028091C5 |
|||
:100150000202909103020A9754F480910202909156 |
|||
:10016000030201969093030280930202F0CF8091E4 |
|||
:100170000002909101020196909301028093000287 |
|||
:10018000DCCF8091040290910502019690930502C4 |
|||
:1001900080930402C7CF18B810920502109204028F |
|||
:1001A0008091040290910502843F91400CF0B5CFFC |
|||
:1001B00010920102109200028091000290910102BF |
|||
:1001C0000A97F4F410920302109202028091020244 |
|||
:1001D000909103020A9754F48091020290910302D5 |
|||
:1001E00001969093030280930202F0CF8091000267 |
|||
:1001F0009091010201969093010280930002DCCF5E |
|||
:1002000080910402909105020196909305028093DB |
|||
:080210000402C6CFF894FFCFF1 |
|||
:00000001FF |
|||
Binary file not shown.
@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ |
|||
F_CPU= 16000000= To set clock frequency as 16MHz |
|||
MS_DELAY= 1000= To set value 1000 as equivalent to 1 second |
|||
|
|||
Registers Involved: |
|||
DDRC: Data Direction Register for Port C= 0xFF for output |
|||
PORTC: Port C Data Register= Data written here is observed in the corresponding output pins(Port C= pin 37:30) |
|||
|
|||
'Only' Pin PC0 is toggled to 1 by setting PORTC= 0x01 |
|||
|
|||
delay designed: |
|||
Delay is implemented by running nested for-loops. We are using the fact that [500*10*10 = 50000] blank instructions induces approximately a delay of 0.06 seconds |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ |
|||
# simple AVR Makefile
|
|||
#
|
|||
# written by michael cousins (http://github.com/mcous)
|
|||
# released to the public domain
|
|||
|
|||
# Makefile
|
|||
#
|
|||
# targets:
|
|||
# all: compiles the source code
|
|||
# test: tests the isp connection to the mcu
|
|||
# flash: writes compiled hex file to the mcu's flash memory
|
|||
# fuse: writes the fuse bytes to the MCU
|
|||
# disasm: disassembles the code for debugging
|
|||
# clean: removes all .hex, .elf, and .o files in the source code and library directories
|
|||
|
|||
# parameters (change this stuff accordingly)
|
|||
# project name
|
|||
PRJ = main |
|||
# avr mcu
|
|||
MCU = atmega2560 |
|||
# mcu clock frequency
|
|||
CLK = 16000000 |
|||
# avr programmer (and port if necessary)
|
|||
# e.g. PRG = usbtiny -or- PRG = arduino -P /dev/tty.usbmodem411
|
|||
PRG = wiring -P /dev/ttyACM0 |
|||
# fuse values for avr: low, high, and extended
|
|||
# these values are from an Arduino Uno (ATMega328P)
|
|||
# see http://www.engbedded.com/fusecalc/ for other MCUs and options
|
|||
LFU = 0xFF |
|||
HFU = 0xD0 |
|||
EFU = 0xFD |
|||
# program source files (not including external libraries)
|
|||
SRC = $(PRJ).c |
|||
# where to look for external libraries (consisting of .c/.cpp files and .h files)
|
|||
# e.g. EXT = ../../EyeToSee ../../YouSART
|
|||
EXT = |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
#################################################################################################
|
|||
# \/ stuff nobody needs to worry about until such time that worrying about it is appropriate \/ #
|
|||
#################################################################################################
|
|||
|
|||
# include path
|
|||
INCLUDE := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), -I$(dir)) |
|||
# c flags
|
|||
CFLAGS = -Wall -Os -DF_CPU=$(CLK) -mmcu=$(MCU) $(INCLUDE) |
|||
# any aditional flags for c++
|
|||
CPPFLAGS = |
|||
|
|||
# executables
|
|||
AVRDUDE = avrdude -C /usr/share/arduino/hardware/tools/avrdude.conf -c $(PRG) -p $(MCU) -b 115200 -D |
|||
OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy |
|||
OBJDUMP = avr-objdump |
|||
SIZE = avr-size --format=avr --mcu=$(MCU) |
|||
CC = avr-gcc |
|||
|
|||
# generate list of objects
|
|||
CFILES = $(filter %.c, $(SRC)) |
|||
EXTC := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), $(wildcard $(dir)/*.c)) |
|||
CPPFILES = $(filter %.cpp, $(SRC)) |
|||
EXTCPP := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), $(wildcard $(dir)/*.cpp)) |
|||
OBJ = $(CFILES:.c=.o) $(EXTC:.c=.o) $(CPPFILES:.cpp=.o) $(EXTCPP:.cpp=.o) |
|||
|
|||
# user targets
|
|||
# compile all files
|
|||
all: $(PRJ).hex |
|||
|
|||
# test programmer connectivity
|
|||
test: |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -v |
|||
|
|||
# flash program to mcu
|
|||
flash: all |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -U flash:w:$(PRJ).hex:i |
|||
|
|||
# write fuses to mcu
|
|||
fuse: |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -U lfuse:w:$(LFU):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFU):m -U efuse:w:$(EFU):m |
|||
|
|||
# generate disassembly files for debugging
|
|||
disasm: $(PRJ).elf |
|||
$(OBJDUMP) -d $(PRJ).elf |
|||
|
|||
# remove compiled files
|
|||
clean: |
|||
rm -f *.hex *.elf *.o |
|||
$(foreach dir, $(EXT), rm -f $(dir)/*.o;) |
|||
|
|||
# other targets
|
|||
# objects from c files
|
|||
.c.o: |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@ |
|||
|
|||
# objects from c++ files
|
|||
.cpp.o: |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -c $< -o $@ |
|||
|
|||
# elf file
|
|||
$(PRJ).elf: $(OBJ) |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $(PRJ).elf $(OBJ) |
|||
|
|||
# hex file
|
|||
$(PRJ).hex: $(PRJ).elf |
|||
rm -f $(PRJ).hex |
|||
$(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $(PRJ).elf $(PRJ).hex |
|||
$(SIZE) $(PRJ).elf |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ |
|||
#include <avr/io.h> |
|||
#define F_CPU 16000000//16MHz
|
|||
|
|||
int main(void) |
|||
{ |
|||
DDRA=0xFF;//Port A Output
|
|||
DDRB=0xFF;//Port B Output
|
|||
PORTD=0xFF;//activate pull-up
|
|||
while(1) |
|||
{ |
|||
TCCR1A=0x00;//Normal mode
|
|||
TCCR1B=0x41;//rising edge, no pre-scaler, no noise canceller
|
|||
//while(TIFR1 && (1<<ICF1)==0);//
|
|||
//TIFR1=(1<<ICF1);//clear ICF1
|
|||
while(TIFR1 && 0x20 == 0x00);//waiting for ICF1 Flag to be set
|
|||
//ICF1=0;//why not this command?
|
|||
TIFR1=(1<<ICF1); |
|||
PORTA=ICR1L;//
|
|||
PORTB=ICR1H;//
|
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
Binary file not shown.
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ |
|||
:100000000C9472000C947E000C947E000C947E0084 |
|||
:100010000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0068 |
|||
:100020000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0058 |
|||
:100030000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0048 |
|||
:100040000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0038 |
|||
:100050000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0028 |
|||
:100060000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0018 |
|||
:100070000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0008 |
|||
:100080000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00F8 |
|||
:100090000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00E8 |
|||
:1000A0000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00D8 |
|||
:1000B0000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00C8 |
|||
:1000C0000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00B8 |
|||
:1000D0000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00A8 |
|||
:1000E0000C947E0011241FBECFEFD1E2DEBFCDBF46 |
|||
:1000F00000E00CBF0E9480000C9493000C94000060 |
|||
:100100008FEF81B984B98BB921E490E2109280001D |
|||
:100110002093810086B396BB8091860082B980913E |
|||
:0A012000870085B9F3CFF894FFCFF4 |
|||
:00000001FF |
|||
Binary file not shown.
@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ |
|||
Registers involved: |
|||
|
|||
GPIO: |
|||
DDRA: Data Direction Register for Port A= 0xFF for output |
|||
DDRB: Data Direction Register for Port B= 0xFF for output |
|||
PORTD: Port D Data Register= set as 0xFF to activate pull up registers |
|||
|
|||
Input Capture Unit(ICU): |
|||
TCCR1A: Timer/Counter 1 Control Register A = 0x00 for normal mode of opearation |
|||
|
|||
TCCR1B: Timer/Counter 1 Control Register B = 0x41 |
|||
Bit 7= ICNCn = ICU Noise Canceller= 0-Disabled |
|||
Bit 6= ICU Capture Edge select bit: when the ICESn bit is written to one, a rising (positive) edge will trigger the capture. |
|||
Bit [2:0] = 001 = Prescaler-1(i.e. no clock division) |
|||
|
|||
TIFR1: Timer/Counter1 Interrupt Flag Register |
|||
Bit 5= ICF1= Timer/Counter Input Capture Flag 1 |
|||
This flag is set when a capture event occurs on the ICP1 pin. When the Input Capture Register (ICR1) is set by the |
|||
WGM1[3:0] to be used as the TOP value, the ICF1 Flag is set when the counter reaches the TOP value. |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
ICR1L: Input Capture Register 1 Lower= stores the lower 8 bits of result |
|||
ICR1H: Input Capture Register 1 Higher= stores the higher 8 bits of result |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
|
|||
|
|||
|
|||
@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ |
|||
Analysis using LEDs: |
|||
|
|||
1)Determination of Time Constant: |
|||
The exact time constant cant be determined visually given that the persistence of vision for a human eye is around 60ms. This is the effect of the same principle used in movies, where frames are loaded at a speed higher than that which the human eye can perceive. The blinking of the LED was still perceived at a time period of around 200ms and then gradually it became more difficult to perceive the blinking. The theoretical time constant of an LED is somewhere around 100ms. |
|||
|
|||
2)When frequency is set at 1 kHz, and duty cycle is varied.. the intensity of glow is proportional to the duty cycle. The blinking can't be observed as this frequency is higher than that which the human eye can perceive. The persistence of vision for a normal human eye is around 16 Hz = 0.0625 seconds = 62.5 ms. |
|||
|
|||
3)Determination of internal resistance of the LED: |
|||
Output pin on the arduino gives an output voltage of around 5V |
|||
Resistance connected with the LED: |
|||
Current passing through the LED: |
|||
max current LED can tolerate: |
|||
Resistance offered within the board(if any): |
|||
|
|||
@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ |
|||
# simple AVR Makefile
|
|||
#
|
|||
# written by michael cousins (http://github.com/mcous)
|
|||
# released to the public domain
|
|||
|
|||
# Makefile
|
|||
#
|
|||
# targets:
|
|||
# all: compiles the source code
|
|||
# test: tests the isp connection to the mcu
|
|||
# flash: writes compiled hex file to the mcu's flash memory
|
|||
# fuse: writes the fuse bytes to the MCU
|
|||
# disasm: disassembles the code for debugging
|
|||
# clean: removes all .hex, .elf, and .o files in the source code and library directories
|
|||
|
|||
# parameters (change this stuff accordingly)
|
|||
# project name
|
|||
PRJ = main |
|||
# avr mcu
|
|||
MCU = atmega2560 |
|||
# mcu clock frequency
|
|||
CLK = 16000000 |
|||
# avr programmer (and port if necessary)
|
|||
# e.g. PRG = usbtiny -or- PRG = arduino -P /dev/tty.usbmodem411
|
|||
PRG = wiring -P /dev/ttyACM0 |
|||
# fuse values for avr: low, high, and extended
|
|||
# these values are from an Arduino Uno (ATMega328P)
|
|||
# see http://www.engbedded.com/fusecalc/ for other MCUs and options
|
|||
LFU = 0xFF |
|||
HFU = 0xD0 |
|||
EFU = 0xFD |
|||
# program source files (not including external libraries)
|
|||
SRC = $(PRJ).c |
|||
# where to look for external libraries (consisting of .c/.cpp files and .h files)
|
|||
# e.g. EXT = ../../EyeToSee ../../YouSART
|
|||
EXT = |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
#################################################################################################
|
|||
# \/ stuff nobody needs to worry about until such time that worrying about it is appropriate \/ #
|
|||
#################################################################################################
|
|||
|
|||
# include path
|
|||
INCLUDE := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), -I$(dir)) |
|||
# c flags
|
|||
CFLAGS = -Wall -Os -DF_CPU=$(CLK) -mmcu=$(MCU) $(INCLUDE) |
|||
# any aditional flags for c++
|
|||
CPPFLAGS = |
|||
|
|||
# executables
|
|||
AVRDUDE = avrdude -C /usr/share/arduino/hardware/tools/avrdude.conf -c $(PRG) -p $(MCU) -b 115200 -D |
|||
OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy |
|||
OBJDUMP = avr-objdump |
|||
SIZE = avr-size --format=avr --mcu=$(MCU) |
|||
CC = avr-gcc |
|||
|
|||
# generate list of objects
|
|||
CFILES = $(filter %.c, $(SRC)) |
|||
EXTC := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), $(wildcard $(dir)/*.c)) |
|||
CPPFILES = $(filter %.cpp, $(SRC)) |
|||
EXTCPP := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), $(wildcard $(dir)/*.cpp)) |
|||
OBJ = $(CFILES:.c=.o) $(EXTC:.c=.o) $(CPPFILES:.cpp=.o) $(EXTCPP:.cpp=.o) |
|||
|
|||
# user targets
|
|||
# compile all files
|
|||
all: $(PRJ).hex |
|||
|
|||
# test programmer connectivity
|
|||
test: |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -v |
|||
|
|||
# flash program to mcu
|
|||
flash: all |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -U flash:w:$(PRJ).hex:i |
|||
|
|||
# write fuses to mcu
|
|||
fuse: |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -U lfuse:w:$(LFU):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFU):m -U efuse:w:$(EFU):m |
|||
|
|||
# generate disassembly files for debugging
|
|||
disasm: $(PRJ).elf |
|||
$(OBJDUMP) -d $(PRJ).elf |
|||
|
|||
# remove compiled files
|
|||
clean: |
|||
rm -f *.hex *.elf *.o |
|||
$(foreach dir, $(EXT), rm -f $(dir)/*.o;) |
|||
|
|||
# other targets
|
|||
# objects from c files
|
|||
.c.o: |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@ |
|||
|
|||
# objects from c++ files
|
|||
.cpp.o: |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -c $< -o $@ |
|||
|
|||
# elf file
|
|||
$(PRJ).elf: $(OBJ) |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $(PRJ).elf $(OBJ) |
|||
|
|||
# hex file
|
|||
$(PRJ).hex: $(PRJ).elf |
|||
rm -f $(PRJ).hex |
|||
$(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $(PRJ).elf $(PRJ).hex |
|||
$(SIZE) $(PRJ).elf |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ |
|||
# simple AVR Makefile
|
|||
#
|
|||
# written by michael cousins (http://github.com/mcous)
|
|||
# released to the public domain
|
|||
|
|||
# Makefile
|
|||
#
|
|||
# targets:
|
|||
# all: compiles the source code
|
|||
# test: tests the isp connection to the mcu
|
|||
# flash: writes compiled hex file to the mcu's flash memory
|
|||
# fuse: writes the fuse bytes to the MCU
|
|||
# disasm: disassembles the code for debugging
|
|||
# clean: removes all .hex, .elf, and .o files in the source code and library directories
|
|||
|
|||
# parameters (change this stuff accordingly)
|
|||
# project name
|
|||
PRJ = main |
|||
# avr mcu
|
|||
MCU = atmega2560 |
|||
# mcu clock frequency
|
|||
CLK = 16000000 |
|||
# avr programmer (and port if necessary)
|
|||
# e.g. PRG = usbtiny -or- PRG = arduino -P /dev/tty.usbmodem411
|
|||
PRG = wiring -P /dev/ttyACM0 |
|||
# fuse values for avr: low, high, and extended
|
|||
# these values are from an Arduino Uno (ATMega328P)
|
|||
# see http://www.engbedded.com/fusecalc/ for other MCUs and options
|
|||
LFU = 0xFF |
|||
HFU = 0xD0 |
|||
EFU = 0xFD |
|||
# program source files (not including external libraries)
|
|||
SRC = $(PRJ).c |
|||
# where to look for external libraries (consisting of .c/.cpp files and .h files)
|
|||
# e.g. EXT = ../../EyeToSee ../../YouSART
|
|||
EXT = |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
#################################################################################################
|
|||
# \/ stuff nobody needs to worry about until such time that worrying about it is appropriate \/ #
|
|||
#################################################################################################
|
|||
|
|||
# include path
|
|||
INCLUDE := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), -I$(dir)) |
|||
# c flags
|
|||
CFLAGS = -Wall -Os -DF_CPU=$(CLK) -mmcu=$(MCU) $(INCLUDE) |
|||
# any aditional flags for c++
|
|||
CPPFLAGS = |
|||
|
|||
# executables
|
|||
AVRDUDE = avrdude -C /usr/share/arduino/hardware/tools/avrdude.conf -c $(PRG) -p $(MCU) -b 115200 -D |
|||
OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy |
|||
OBJDUMP = avr-objdump |
|||
SIZE = avr-size --format=avr --mcu=$(MCU) |
|||
CC = avr-gcc |
|||
|
|||
# generate list of objects
|
|||
CFILES = $(filter %.c, $(SRC)) |
|||
EXTC := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), $(wildcard $(dir)/*.c)) |
|||
CPPFILES = $(filter %.cpp, $(SRC)) |
|||
EXTCPP := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), $(wildcard $(dir)/*.cpp)) |
|||
OBJ = $(CFILES:.c=.o) $(EXTC:.c=.o) $(CPPFILES:.cpp=.o) $(EXTCPP:.cpp=.o) |
|||
|
|||
# user targets
|
|||
# compile all files
|
|||
all: $(PRJ).hex |
|||
|
|||
# test programmer connectivity
|
|||
test: |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -v |
|||
|
|||
# flash program to mcu
|
|||
flash: all |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -U flash:w:$(PRJ).hex:i |
|||
|
|||
# write fuses to mcu
|
|||
fuse: |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -U lfuse:w:$(LFU):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFU):m -U efuse:w:$(EFU):m |
|||
|
|||
# generate disassembly files for debugging
|
|||
disasm: $(PRJ).elf |
|||
$(OBJDUMP) -d $(PRJ).elf |
|||
|
|||
# remove compiled files
|
|||
clean: |
|||
rm -f *.hex *.elf *.o |
|||
$(foreach dir, $(EXT), rm -f $(dir)/*.o;) |
|||
|
|||
# other targets
|
|||
# objects from c files
|
|||
.c.o: |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@ |
|||
|
|||
# objects from c++ files
|
|||
.cpp.o: |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -c $< -o $@ |
|||
|
|||
# elf file
|
|||
$(PRJ).elf: $(OBJ) |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $(PRJ).elf $(OBJ) |
|||
|
|||
# hex file
|
|||
$(PRJ).hex: $(PRJ).elf |
|||
rm -f $(PRJ).hex |
|||
$(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $(PRJ).elf $(PRJ).hex |
|||
$(SIZE) $(PRJ).elf |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ |
|||
// self-designed PWM with inbuilt_delay for proper measure of frequency
|
|||
|
|||
|
|||
#define F_CPU 16000000//16Mhz
|
|||
#define MS_DELAY 1000 |
|||
#include <avr/io.h> |
|||
#include <util/delay.h> |
|||
|
|||
int i,j,k,l; |
|||
int p,q,duty_cycle,frequency; |
|||
int time; |
|||
float x,y; |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
int main (void) { |
|||
DDRC = 0xff; |
|||
PORTC = 0xff; |
|||
//Enter duty cycle in percentage(preferably integer)
|
|||
int duty_cycle=50; |
|||
//Enter frequency in Hz(preferably integer)
|
|||
int frequency=1; |
|||
//computing time-period in seconds
|
|||
time=1000/frequency; |
|||
x=duty_cycle*time*0.01; |
|||
y=(100-duty_cycle)*time*0.01; |
|||
p=(int)x; |
|||
q=(int)y; |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
|
|||
//while(1);
|
|||
|
|||
|
|||
PORTC = 0x00; |
|||
//PORTC pins= pins 30-37
|
|||
while(1) |
|||
{ |
|||
|
|||
PORTC = 0xff; |
|||
_delay_ms(1); //_delay_ms(p);
|
|||
|
|||
PORTC = 0x00; |
|||
_delay_ms(1); //_delay_ms(q);
|
|||
|
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
//given that we need a compile-time constant for delay_ms, user-defined input can't be used in this program
|
|||
Binary file not shown.
@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ |
|||
:100000000C9472000C9486000C9486000C9486006C |
|||
:100010000C9486000C9486000C9486000C94860048 |
|||
:100020000C9486000C9486000C9486000C94860038 |
|||
:100030000C9486000C9486000C9486000C94860028 |
|||
:100040000C9486000C9486000C9486000C94860018 |
|||
:100050000C9486000C9486000C9486000C94860008 |
|||
:100060000C9486000C9486000C9486000C948600F8 |
|||
:100070000C9486000C9486000C9486000C948600E8 |
|||
:100080000C9486000C9486000C9486000C948600D8 |
|||
:100090000C9486000C9486000C9486000C948600C8 |
|||
:1000A0000C9486000C9486000C9486000C948600B8 |
|||
:1000B0000C9486000C9486000C9486000C948600A8 |
|||
:1000C0000C9486000C9486000C9486000C94860098 |
|||
:1000D0000C9486000C9486000C9486000C94860088 |
|||
:1000E0000C94860011241FBECFEFD1E2DEBFCDBF3E |
|||
:1000F00000E00CBF22E0A0E0B2E001C01D92AA31F6 |
|||
:10010000B207E1F70E9488000C94C0000C94000034 |
|||
:100110008FEF87B988B988EE93E0909311028093AE |
|||
:10012000100289E29CE5ABE1B3EC8093040290936A |
|||
:100130000502A0930602B0930702809312029093E7 |
|||
:100140001302A0931402B093150285E69FEF9093DB |
|||
:10015000010280930002909319028093180218B84C |
|||
:100160008FEF88B9EFE9FFE03197F1F700C00000A9 |
|||
:1001700018B8EFE9FFE03197F1F700C00000F1CFC8 |
|||
:04018000F894FFCF21 |
|||
:00000001FF |
|||
Binary file not shown.
@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ |
|||
F_CPU= 16000000= To set clock frequency as 16MHz |
|||
MS_DELAY= 1000= To set value 1000 as equivalent to 1 second |
|||
|
|||
Registers Involved: |
|||
DDRC: Data Direction Register for Port C= 0xFF for output |
|||
PORTC: Port C Data Register= Data written here is observed in the corresponding output pins(Port C= pin 37:30) |
|||
|
|||
Variables Involved: |
|||
int i,j,k,l= counting variables if loops are to be used |
|||
int duty_cycle= duty cycle in percentage |
|||
int frequency= frequency in integer |
|||
int time= stores reciprocal of frequency |
|||
x,y= to store parameters to be used in delay functions |
|||
p,q= to store values of x and y in integer format |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
Note of caution: |
|||
This board generally cant handle floating point values, best to avoid them. Type-casting also may or may not work, generally good to avoid. |
|||
|
|||
Note: This program gives an idea about how to process user-defined delay. But this value cant be used in the pre-defined delay function as it takes in inly compile-time constants. This user-defined delay can be used as a parameter in functions which arent pre-defined, but in those which are mostly self-designed |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
in-built function used: _delay_ms() |
|||
This function takes in "compiler-time" constants as a parameter,which defines the delay in milliseconds |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ |
|||
# simple AVR Makefile
|
|||
#
|
|||
# written by michael cousins (http://github.com/mcous)
|
|||
# released to the public domain
|
|||
|
|||
# Makefile
|
|||
#
|
|||
# targets:
|
|||
# all: compiles the source code
|
|||
# test: tests the isp connection to the mcu
|
|||
# flash: writes compiled hex file to the mcu's flash memory
|
|||
# fuse: writes the fuse bytes to the MCU
|
|||
# disasm: disassembles the code for debugging
|
|||
# clean: removes all .hex, .elf, and .o files in the source code and library directories
|
|||
|
|||
# parameters (change this stuff accordingly)
|
|||
# project name
|
|||
PRJ = main |
|||
# avr mcu
|
|||
MCU = atmega2560 |
|||
# mcu clock frequency
|
|||
CLK = 16000000 |
|||
# avr programmer (and port if necessary)
|
|||
# e.g. PRG = usbtiny -or- PRG = arduino -P /dev/tty.usbmodem411
|
|||
PRG = wiring -P /dev/ttyACM0 |
|||
# fuse values for avr: low, high, and extended
|
|||
# these values are from an Arduino Uno (ATMega328P)
|
|||
# see http://www.engbedded.com/fusecalc/ for other MCUs and options
|
|||
LFU = 0xFF |
|||
HFU = 0xD0 |
|||
EFU = 0xFD |
|||
# program source files (not including external libraries)
|
|||
SRC = $(PRJ).c |
|||
# where to look for external libraries (consisting of .c/.cpp files and .h files)
|
|||
# e.g. EXT = ../../EyeToSee ../../YouSART
|
|||
EXT = |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
#################################################################################################
|
|||
# \/ stuff nobody needs to worry about until such time that worrying about it is appropriate \/ #
|
|||
#################################################################################################
|
|||
|
|||
# include path
|
|||
INCLUDE := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), -I$(dir)) |
|||
# c flags
|
|||
CFLAGS = -Wall -Os -DF_CPU=$(CLK) -mmcu=$(MCU) $(INCLUDE) |
|||
# any aditional flags for c++
|
|||
CPPFLAGS = |
|||
|
|||
# executables
|
|||
AVRDUDE = avrdude -C /usr/share/arduino/hardware/tools/avrdude.conf -c $(PRG) -p $(MCU) -b 115200 -D |
|||
OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy |
|||
OBJDUMP = avr-objdump |
|||
SIZE = avr-size --format=avr --mcu=$(MCU) |
|||
CC = avr-gcc |
|||
|
|||
# generate list of objects
|
|||
CFILES = $(filter %.c, $(SRC)) |
|||
EXTC := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), $(wildcard $(dir)/*.c)) |
|||
CPPFILES = $(filter %.cpp, $(SRC)) |
|||
EXTCPP := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), $(wildcard $(dir)/*.cpp)) |
|||
OBJ = $(CFILES:.c=.o) $(EXTC:.c=.o) $(CPPFILES:.cpp=.o) $(EXTCPP:.cpp=.o) |
|||
|
|||
# user targets
|
|||
# compile all files
|
|||
all: $(PRJ).hex |
|||
|
|||
# test programmer connectivity
|
|||
test: |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -v |
|||
|
|||
# flash program to mcu
|
|||
flash: all |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -U flash:w:$(PRJ).hex:i |
|||
|
|||
# write fuses to mcu
|
|||
fuse: |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -U lfuse:w:$(LFU):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFU):m -U efuse:w:$(EFU):m |
|||
|
|||
# generate disassembly files for debugging
|
|||
disasm: $(PRJ).elf |
|||
$(OBJDUMP) -d $(PRJ).elf |
|||
|
|||
# remove compiled files
|
|||
clean: |
|||
rm -f *.hex *.elf *.o |
|||
$(foreach dir, $(EXT), rm -f $(dir)/*.o;) |
|||
|
|||
# other targets
|
|||
# objects from c files
|
|||
.c.o: |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@ |
|||
|
|||
# objects from c++ files
|
|||
.cpp.o: |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -c $< -o $@ |
|||
|
|||
# elf file
|
|||
$(PRJ).elf: $(OBJ) |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $(PRJ).elf $(OBJ) |
|||
|
|||
# hex file
|
|||
$(PRJ).hex: $(PRJ).elf |
|||
rm -f $(PRJ).hex |
|||
$(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $(PRJ).elf $(PRJ).hex |
|||
$(SIZE) $(PRJ).elf |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ |
|||
// self-designed PWM with rough estimate of frequency
|
|||
|
|||
|
|||
#define F_CPU 16000000//16Mhz
|
|||
#define MS_DELAY 1000 |
|||
#include <avr/io.h> |
|||
#include <util/delay.h> |
|||
|
|||
volatile int i,j,k,l; |
|||
volatile int p,q,duty_cycle,frequency; |
|||
float x,y; |
|||
//assuming 1 delay function covers 0.01 seconds
|
|||
/*void delay(void)
|
|||
{ |
|||
for (i = 0; i < 1; i++) |
|||
{ |
|||
for (j = 0; j < 100; j++) |
|||
{ |
|||
for (k = 0; k < 100; k++); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
} |
|||
*/ |
|||
//assuming 1 delay function covers 0.0001 seconds
|
|||
void delay(void) |
|||
{ |
|||
for (i = 0; i < 1; i++) |
|||
{ |
|||
for (j = 0; j < 10; j++) |
|||
{ |
|||
for (k = 0; k < 10; k++); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
int main (void) { |
|||
DDRC = 0xff; |
|||
PORTC = 0xff; |
|||
//Enter duty cycle in percentage(preferably integer)
|
|||
int duty_cycle=10; |
|||
//Enter frequency in Hz(preferably integer)
|
|||
int frequency=1; |
|||
x=duty_cycle*(1/frequency);//*(1/6);//1/6 is an adjusting factor
|
|||
y=(10-duty_cycle)*(1/frequency);//*(1/6);
|
|||
p=(int)x; |
|||
q=(int)y; |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
//while(1);
|
|||
|
|||
|
|||
PORTC = 0x00; |
|||
//PORTC pins= pins 30-37
|
|||
while(1) |
|||
{ |
|||
//for(int i=1;i<11;i++)
|
|||
//{
|
|||
PORTC = 0xff; |
|||
for(l=0;l<p;l++) |
|||
{ |
|||
delay(); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
PORTC = 0x00; |
|||
for(l=0;l<q;l++) |
|||
{ |
|||
delay(); |
|||
}//}
|
|||
|
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
} |
|||
Binary file not shown.
@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ |
|||
:100000000C9472000C9486000C9486000C9486006C |
|||
:100010000C9486000C9486000C9486000C94860048 |
|||
:100020000C9486000C9486000C9486000C94860038 |
|||
:100030000C9486000C9486000C9486000C94860028 |
|||
:100040000C9486000C9486000C9486000C94860018 |
|||
:100050000C9486000C9486000C9486000C94860008 |
|||
:100060000C9486000C9486000C9486000C948600F8 |
|||
:100070000C9486000C9486000C9486000C948600E8 |
|||
:100080000C9486000C9486000C9486000C948600D8 |
|||
:100090000C9486000C9486000C9486000C948600C8 |
|||
:1000A0000C9486000C9486000C9486000C948600B8 |
|||
:1000B0000C9486000C9486000C9486000C948600A8 |
|||
:1000C0000C9486000C9486000C9486000C94860098 |
|||
:1000D0000C9486000C9486000C9486000C94860088 |
|||
:1000E0000C94860011241FBECFEFD1E2DEBFCDBF3E |
|||
:1000F00000E00CBF22E0A0E0B2E001C01D92A831F8 |
|||
:10010000B207E1F70E94C6000C9421010C94000094 |
|||
:1001100010920F0210920E0280910E0290910F0227 |
|||
:100120001816190694F1109203021092020280919F |
|||
:100130000202909103020A97F4F410920D021092B9 |
|||
:100140000C0280910C0290910D020A9754F4809158 |
|||
:100150000C0290910D02019690930D0280930C0277 |
|||
:10016000F0CF8091020290910302019690930302D6 |
|||
:1001700080930202DCCF80910E0290910F020196D3 |
|||
:1001800090930F0280930E02C7CF08958FEF87B927 |
|||
:1001900088B980E090E0A0E2B1E4809304029093FB |
|||
:1001A0000502A0930602B09307021092100210926B |
|||
:1001B000110210921202109213028AE090E09093C2 |
|||
:1001C000010280930002109217021092160218B8D2 |
|||
:1001D000CFEFC8B910920B0210920A0220910A02C6 |
|||
:1001E00030910B028091000290910102281739078B |
|||
:1001F00064F40E94880080910A0290910B0201969B |
|||
:1002000090930B0280930A02E9CF18B810920B0268 |
|||
:1002100010920A0220910A0230910B02809116027C |
|||
:100220009091170228173907A4F60E948800809140 |
|||
:100230000A0290910B02019690930B0280930A029E |
|||
:06024000E9CFF894FFCFA6 |
|||
:00000001FF |
|||
Binary file not shown.
@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ |
|||
F_CPU= 16000000= To set clock frequency as 16MHz |
|||
MS_DELAY= 1000= To set value 1000 as equivalent to 1 second |
|||
|
|||
Registers Involved: |
|||
DDRC: Data Direction Register for Port C= 0xFF for output |
|||
PORTC: Port C Data Register= Data written here is observed in the corresponding output pins(Port C= pin 37:30) |
|||
|
|||
Variables Involved: |
|||
int i,j,k,l= counting variables if loops are to be used |
|||
int duty_cycle= duty cycle in percentage |
|||
int frequency= frequency in integer |
|||
int time= stores reciprocal of frequency |
|||
float x,y= to store parameters to be used in delay functions |
|||
int p,q= to store values of x and y in integer format |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
Note of caution: |
|||
This board generally cant handle floating point values, best to avoid them. Type-casting also may or may not work, generally good to avoid. |
|||
|
|||
function designed: delay() |
|||
Delay is implemented by running nested for-loops. We are using the fact that [x] blank instructions induces approximately a delay of 1.2*10^(-6) seconds |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ |
|||
# simple AVR Makefile
|
|||
#
|
|||
# written by michael cousins (http://github.com/mcous)
|
|||
# released to the public domain
|
|||
|
|||
# Makefile
|
|||
#
|
|||
# targets:
|
|||
# all: compiles the source code
|
|||
# test: tests the isp connection to the mcu
|
|||
# flash: writes compiled hex file to the mcu's flash memory
|
|||
# fuse: writes the fuse bytes to the MCU
|
|||
# disasm: disassembles the code for debugging
|
|||
# clean: removes all .hex, .elf, and .o files in the source code and library directories
|
|||
|
|||
# parameters (change this stuff accordingly)
|
|||
# project name
|
|||
PRJ = main |
|||
# avr mcu
|
|||
MCU = atmega2560 |
|||
# mcu clock frequency
|
|||
CLK = 16000000 |
|||
# avr programmer (and port if necessary)
|
|||
# e.g. PRG = usbtiny -or- PRG = arduino -P /dev/tty.usbmodem411
|
|||
PRG = wiring -P /dev/ttyACM0 |
|||
# fuse values for avr: low, high, and extended
|
|||
# these values are from an Arduino Uno (ATMega328P)
|
|||
# see http://www.engbedded.com/fusecalc/ for other MCUs and options
|
|||
LFU = 0xFF |
|||
HFU = 0xD0 |
|||
EFU = 0xFD |
|||
# program source files (not including external libraries)
|
|||
SRC = $(PRJ).c |
|||
# where to look for external libraries (consisting of .c/.cpp files and .h files)
|
|||
# e.g. EXT = ../../EyeToSee ../../YouSART
|
|||
EXT = |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
#################################################################################################
|
|||
# \/ stuff nobody needs to worry about until such time that worrying about it is appropriate \/ #
|
|||
#################################################################################################
|
|||
|
|||
# include path
|
|||
INCLUDE := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), -I$(dir)) |
|||
# c flags
|
|||
CFLAGS = -Wall -Os -DF_CPU=$(CLK) -mmcu=$(MCU) $(INCLUDE) |
|||
# any aditional flags for c++
|
|||
CPPFLAGS = |
|||
|
|||
# executables
|
|||
AVRDUDE = avrdude -C /usr/share/arduino/hardware/tools/avrdude.conf -c $(PRG) -p $(MCU) -b 115200 -D |
|||
OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy |
|||
OBJDUMP = avr-objdump |
|||
SIZE = avr-size --format=avr --mcu=$(MCU) |
|||
CC = avr-gcc |
|||
|
|||
# generate list of objects
|
|||
CFILES = $(filter %.c, $(SRC)) |
|||
EXTC := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), $(wildcard $(dir)/*.c)) |
|||
CPPFILES = $(filter %.cpp, $(SRC)) |
|||
EXTCPP := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), $(wildcard $(dir)/*.cpp)) |
|||
OBJ = $(CFILES:.c=.o) $(EXTC:.c=.o) $(CPPFILES:.cpp=.o) $(EXTCPP:.cpp=.o) |
|||
|
|||
# user targets
|
|||
# compile all files
|
|||
all: $(PRJ).hex |
|||
|
|||
# test programmer connectivity
|
|||
test: |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -v |
|||
|
|||
# flash program to mcu
|
|||
flash: all |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -U flash:w:$(PRJ).hex:i |
|||
|
|||
# write fuses to mcu
|
|||
fuse: |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -U lfuse:w:$(LFU):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFU):m -U efuse:w:$(EFU):m |
|||
|
|||
# generate disassembly files for debugging
|
|||
disasm: $(PRJ).elf |
|||
$(OBJDUMP) -d $(PRJ).elf |
|||
|
|||
# remove compiled files
|
|||
clean: |
|||
rm -f *.hex *.elf *.o |
|||
$(foreach dir, $(EXT), rm -f $(dir)/*.o;) |
|||
|
|||
# other targets
|
|||
# objects from c files
|
|||
.c.o: |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@ |
|||
|
|||
# objects from c++ files
|
|||
.cpp.o: |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -c $< -o $@ |
|||
|
|||
# elf file
|
|||
$(PRJ).elf: $(OBJ) |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $(PRJ).elf $(OBJ) |
|||
|
|||
# hex file
|
|||
$(PRJ).hex: $(PRJ).elf |
|||
rm -f $(PRJ).hex |
|||
$(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $(PRJ).elf $(PRJ).hex |
|||
$(SIZE) $(PRJ).elf |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ |
|||
#define F_CPU 16000000//16Mhz
|
|||
#define MS_DELAY 1000 |
|||
#include <avr/io.h> |
|||
#include <util/delay.h> |
|||
int main(void) |
|||
{ |
|||
DDRB = 0xFF;//Port B set as output
|
|||
//DDRB |= (1 <<3);//Port B set as output
|
|||
OCR0A= 0xBF;//75 percent of 255=duty cycle
|
|||
TCCR0A = 0x83;//non-inverting pwm
|
|||
TCCR0B = 0x03;//prescaler = 64
|
|||
//output of pwm is at pin 13(OC0)
|
|||
while(1); |
|||
|
|||
} |
|||
Binary file not shown.
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ |
|||
:100000000C9472000C947E000C947E000C947E0084 |
|||
:100010000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0068 |
|||
:100020000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0058 |
|||
:100030000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0048 |
|||
:100040000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0038 |
|||
:100050000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0028 |
|||
:100060000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0018 |
|||
:100070000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0008 |
|||
:100080000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00F8 |
|||
:100090000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00E8 |
|||
:1000A0000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00D8 |
|||
:1000B0000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00C8 |
|||
:1000C0000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00B8 |
|||
:1000D0000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00A8 |
|||
:1000E0000C947E0011241FBECFEFD1E2DEBFCDBF46 |
|||
:1000F00000E00CBF0E9480000C9489000C9400006A |
|||
:100100008FEF84B98FEB87BD83E884BD83E085BD25 |
|||
:06011000FFCFF894FFCFC1 |
|||
:00000001FF |
|||
Binary file not shown.
@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ |
|||
Registers involved: |
|||
|
|||
GPIO: |
|||
DDRB: Data Direction Register for Port B= 0xFF for output |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
PWM Module: |
|||
OCR0A: Output Compare Register A=Value here is compared with the Timer value,and when the value matches, the specific pin[pin OC0A(pin 13) in this case] gets toggled |
|||
|
|||
TCCR0A: Timer/Counter 0 Control Register A = 0x83 |
|||
Bit [7:6]= COM0A-Compare Output Mode A = 10-Non-inverting PWM-Clear OC0A on Compare Match |
|||
Bit [1:0]= WGM[1:0]- Waveform Generation Mode=11- for non-inverting fast PWM. |
|||
|
|||
TCCR0B: Timer/Counter 0 Control Register B = 0x03 |
|||
Bit [2:0] – CS0[2:0]-Clock Select = 011- for prescaler=64 in order to obtain frequency of 1kHz |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ |
|||
# simple AVR Makefile
|
|||
#
|
|||
# written by michael cousins (http://github.com/mcous)
|
|||
# released to the public domain
|
|||
|
|||
# Makefile
|
|||
#
|
|||
# targets:
|
|||
# all: compiles the source code
|
|||
# test: tests the isp connection to the mcu
|
|||
# flash: writes compiled hex file to the mcu's flash memory
|
|||
# fuse: writes the fuse bytes to the MCU
|
|||
# disasm: disassembles the code for debugging
|
|||
# clean: removes all .hex, .elf, and .o files in the source code and library directories
|
|||
|
|||
# parameters (change this stuff accordingly)
|
|||
# project name
|
|||
PRJ = main |
|||
# avr mcu
|
|||
MCU = atmega2560 |
|||
# mcu clock frequency
|
|||
CLK = 16000000 |
|||
# avr programmer (and port if necessary)
|
|||
# e.g. PRG = usbtiny -or- PRG = arduino -P /dev/tty.usbmodem411
|
|||
PRG = wiring -P /dev/ttyACM0 |
|||
# fuse values for avr: low, high, and extended
|
|||
# these values are from an Arduino Uno (ATMega328P)
|
|||
# see http://www.engbedded.com/fusecalc/ for other MCUs and options
|
|||
LFU = 0xFF |
|||
HFU = 0xD0 |
|||
EFU = 0xFD |
|||
# program source files (not including external libraries)
|
|||
SRC = $(PRJ).c |
|||
# where to look for external libraries (consisting of .c/.cpp files and .h files)
|
|||
# e.g. EXT = ../../EyeToSee ../../YouSART
|
|||
EXT = |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
#################################################################################################
|
|||
# \/ stuff nobody needs to worry about until such time that worrying about it is appropriate \/ #
|
|||
#################################################################################################
|
|||
|
|||
# include path
|
|||
INCLUDE := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), -I$(dir)) |
|||
# c flags
|
|||
CFLAGS = -Wall -Os -DF_CPU=$(CLK) -mmcu=$(MCU) $(INCLUDE) |
|||
# any aditional flags for c++
|
|||
CPPFLAGS = |
|||
|
|||
# executables
|
|||
AVRDUDE = avrdude -C /usr/share/arduino/hardware/tools/avrdude.conf -c $(PRG) -p $(MCU) -b 115200 -D |
|||
OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy |
|||
OBJDUMP = avr-objdump |
|||
SIZE = avr-size --format=avr --mcu=$(MCU) |
|||
CC = avr-gcc |
|||
|
|||
# generate list of objects
|
|||
CFILES = $(filter %.c, $(SRC)) |
|||
EXTC := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), $(wildcard $(dir)/*.c)) |
|||
CPPFILES = $(filter %.cpp, $(SRC)) |
|||
EXTCPP := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), $(wildcard $(dir)/*.cpp)) |
|||
OBJ = $(CFILES:.c=.o) $(EXTC:.c=.o) $(CPPFILES:.cpp=.o) $(EXTCPP:.cpp=.o) |
|||
|
|||
# user targets
|
|||
# compile all files
|
|||
all: $(PRJ).hex |
|||
|
|||
# test programmer connectivity
|
|||
test: |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -v |
|||
|
|||
# flash program to mcu
|
|||
flash: all |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -U flash:w:$(PRJ).hex:i |
|||
|
|||
# write fuses to mcu
|
|||
fuse: |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -U lfuse:w:$(LFU):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFU):m -U efuse:w:$(EFU):m |
|||
|
|||
# generate disassembly files for debugging
|
|||
disasm: $(PRJ).elf |
|||
$(OBJDUMP) -d $(PRJ).elf |
|||
|
|||
# remove compiled files
|
|||
clean: |
|||
rm -f *.hex *.elf *.o |
|||
$(foreach dir, $(EXT), rm -f $(dir)/*.o;) |
|||
|
|||
# other targets
|
|||
# objects from c files
|
|||
.c.o: |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@ |
|||
|
|||
# objects from c++ files
|
|||
.cpp.o: |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -c $< -o $@ |
|||
|
|||
# elf file
|
|||
$(PRJ).elf: $(OBJ) |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $(PRJ).elf $(OBJ) |
|||
|
|||
# hex file
|
|||
$(PRJ).hex: $(PRJ).elf |
|||
rm -f $(PRJ).hex |
|||
$(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $(PRJ).elf $(PRJ).hex |
|||
$(SIZE) $(PRJ).elf |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ |
|||
#define F_CPU 16000000//16Mhz
|
|||
#define MS_DELAY 1000 |
|||
#include <avr/io.h> |
|||
#include <util/delay.h> |
|||
int main(void) |
|||
{ |
|||
DDRB = 0xFF;//Port B set as output
|
|||
|
|||
OCR0A= 0xBF;//75 percent of 255=duty cycle
|
|||
TCCR0A = 0x83; |
|||
TCCR0B = 0x03;//prescaler = 64 for 1kHz
|
|||
//output at OC0A=pin 13
|
|||
|
|||
OCR2A= 0xBF;//duty cycle= 25 percent, value= 0.75*255
|
|||
TCCR2A = 0xC3;//inverting PWM
|
|||
TCCR2B = 0x04;//prescaler = 64 for 1 kHz
|
|||
//output at OC2A=pin 10
|
|||
|
|||
while(1); |
|||
|
|||
} |
|||
Binary file not shown.
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ |
|||
:100000000C9472000C947E000C947E000C947E0084 |
|||
:100010000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0068 |
|||
:100020000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0058 |
|||
:100030000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0048 |
|||
:100040000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0038 |
|||
:100050000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0028 |
|||
:100060000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0018 |
|||
:100070000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0008 |
|||
:100080000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00F8 |
|||
:100090000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00E8 |
|||
:1000A0000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00D8 |
|||
:1000B0000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00C8 |
|||
:1000C0000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00B8 |
|||
:1000D0000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00A8 |
|||
:1000E0000C947E0011241FBECFEFD1E2DEBFCDBF46 |
|||
:1000F00000E00CBF0E9480000C9491000C94000062 |
|||
:100100008FEF84B98FEB87BD93E894BD93E095BDE5 |
|||
:100110008093B30083EC8093B00084E08093B100BF |
|||
:06012000FFCFF894FFCFB1 |
|||
:00000001FF |
|||
Binary file not shown.
@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ |
|||
Registers involved: |
|||
|
|||
GPIO: |
|||
DDRB: Data Direction Register for Port B= 0xFF for output |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
PWM Module: |
|||
OCR0A: Output Compare Register A=Value here is compared with the Timer value,and when the value matches, the specific pin[pin OC0A(pin 13) in this case] gets toggled |
|||
|
|||
TCCR0A: Timer/Counter 0 Control Register A = 0x83 |
|||
Bit [7:6]= COM0A-Compare Output Mode A = 10-Non-inverting PWM-Clear OC0A on Compare Match |
|||
Bit [1:0]= WGM[1:0]- Waveform Generation Mode=11- for non-inverting fast PWM. |
|||
|
|||
TCCR0B: Timer/Counter 0 Control Register B = 0x03 |
|||
Bit [2:0] – CS0[2:0]-Clock Select = 011- for prescaler=64 in order to obtain frequency of 1kHz |
|||
|
|||
OCR2A: Output Compare Register A=Value here is compared with the Timer value,and when the value matches, the specific pin[pin OC2A(pin 10) in this case] gets toggled |
|||
|
|||
TCCR2A: Timer/Counter 2 Control Register A = 0xC3 |
|||
Bit [7:6]= COM0A-Compare Output Mode A = 11-Inverting PWM-Clear OC2A on Compare Match |
|||
Bit [1:0]= WGM[1:0]- Waveform Generation Mode=11- for fast PWM. |
|||
|
|||
TCCR2B: Timer/Counter 2 Control Register B = 0x04 |
|||
Bit [2:0] – CS0[2:0]-Clock Select = 100- for prescaler=64 in order to obtain frequency of 1kHz |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ |
|||
# simple AVR Makefile
|
|||
#
|
|||
# written by michael cousins (http://github.com/mcous)
|
|||
# released to the public domain
|
|||
|
|||
# Makefile
|
|||
#
|
|||
# targets:
|
|||
# all: compiles the source code
|
|||
# test: tests the isp connection to the mcu
|
|||
# flash: writes compiled hex file to the mcu's flash memory
|
|||
# fuse: writes the fuse bytes to the MCU
|
|||
# disasm: disassembles the code for debugging
|
|||
# clean: removes all .hex, .elf, and .o files in the source code and library directories
|
|||
|
|||
# parameters (change this stuff accordingly)
|
|||
# project name
|
|||
PRJ = main |
|||
# avr mcu
|
|||
MCU = atmega2560 |
|||
# mcu clock frequency
|
|||
CLK = 16000000 |
|||
# avr programmer (and port if necessary)
|
|||
# e.g. PRG = usbtiny -or- PRG = arduino -P /dev/tty.usbmodem411
|
|||
PRG = wiring -P /dev/ttyACM0 |
|||
# fuse values for avr: low, high, and extended
|
|||
# these values are from an Arduino Uno (ATMega328P)
|
|||
# see http://www.engbedded.com/fusecalc/ for other MCUs and options
|
|||
LFU = 0xFF |
|||
HFU = 0xD0 |
|||
EFU = 0xFD |
|||
# program source files (not including external libraries)
|
|||
SRC = $(PRJ).c |
|||
# where to look for external libraries (consisting of .c/.cpp files and .h files)
|
|||
# e.g. EXT = ../../EyeToSee ../../YouSART
|
|||
EXT = |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
#################################################################################################
|
|||
# \/ stuff nobody needs to worry about until such time that worrying about it is appropriate \/ #
|
|||
#################################################################################################
|
|||
|
|||
# include path
|
|||
INCLUDE := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), -I$(dir)) |
|||
# c flags
|
|||
CFLAGS = -Wall -Os -DF_CPU=$(CLK) -mmcu=$(MCU) $(INCLUDE) |
|||
# any aditional flags for c++
|
|||
CPPFLAGS = |
|||
|
|||
# executables
|
|||
AVRDUDE = avrdude -C /usr/share/arduino/hardware/tools/avrdude.conf -c $(PRG) -p $(MCU) -b 115200 -D |
|||
OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy |
|||
OBJDUMP = avr-objdump |
|||
SIZE = avr-size --format=avr --mcu=$(MCU) |
|||
CC = avr-gcc |
|||
|
|||
# generate list of objects
|
|||
CFILES = $(filter %.c, $(SRC)) |
|||
EXTC := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), $(wildcard $(dir)/*.c)) |
|||
CPPFILES = $(filter %.cpp, $(SRC)) |
|||
EXTCPP := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), $(wildcard $(dir)/*.cpp)) |
|||
OBJ = $(CFILES:.c=.o) $(EXTC:.c=.o) $(CPPFILES:.cpp=.o) $(EXTCPP:.cpp=.o) |
|||
|
|||
# user targets
|
|||
# compile all files
|
|||
all: $(PRJ).hex |
|||
|
|||
# test programmer connectivity
|
|||
test: |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -v |
|||
|
|||
# flash program to mcu
|
|||
flash: all |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -U flash:w:$(PRJ).hex:i |
|||
|
|||
# write fuses to mcu
|
|||
fuse: |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -U lfuse:w:$(LFU):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFU):m -U efuse:w:$(EFU):m |
|||
|
|||
# generate disassembly files for debugging
|
|||
disasm: $(PRJ).elf |
|||
$(OBJDUMP) -d $(PRJ).elf |
|||
|
|||
# remove compiled files
|
|||
clean: |
|||
rm -f *.hex *.elf *.o |
|||
$(foreach dir, $(EXT), rm -f $(dir)/*.o;) |
|||
|
|||
# other targets
|
|||
# objects from c files
|
|||
.c.o: |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@ |
|||
|
|||
# objects from c++ files
|
|||
.cpp.o: |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -c $< -o $@ |
|||
|
|||
# elf file
|
|||
$(PRJ).elf: $(OBJ) |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $(PRJ).elf $(OBJ) |
|||
|
|||
# hex file
|
|||
$(PRJ).hex: $(PRJ).elf |
|||
rm -f $(PRJ).hex |
|||
$(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $(PRJ).elf $(PRJ).hex |
|||
$(SIZE) $(PRJ).elf |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ |
|||
#define F_CPU 16000000//16Mhz
|
|||
#define MS_DELAY 1000 |
|||
#include <avr/io.h> |
|||
#include <util/delay.h> |
|||
int main(void) |
|||
{ |
|||
DDRB = 0xFF;//Port B set as output
|
|||
|
|||
OCR0A= 0x7F;//50 percent of 255=duty cycle
|
|||
TCCR0A = 0x83; |
|||
TCCR0B = 0x03;//prescaler = 64 for 1kHz
|
|||
//output at OC0A=pin 13
|
|||
|
|||
OCR2A= 0x87;//duty cycle= 47 percent, value= 0.53*255=135
|
|||
TCCR2A = 0xC3;//inverting PWM
|
|||
TCCR2B = 0x04;//prescaler = 64 for 1 kHz
|
|||
//output at OC2A=pin 10
|
|||
|
|||
while(1); |
|||
|
|||
} |
|||
Binary file not shown.
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ |
|||
:100000000C9472000C947E000C947E000C947E0084 |
|||
:100010000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0068 |
|||
:100020000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0058 |
|||
:100030000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0048 |
|||
:100040000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0038 |
|||
:100050000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0028 |
|||
:100060000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0018 |
|||
:100070000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0008 |
|||
:100080000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00F8 |
|||
:100090000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00E8 |
|||
:1000A0000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00D8 |
|||
:1000B0000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00C8 |
|||
:1000C0000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00B8 |
|||
:1000D0000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00A8 |
|||
:1000E0000C947E0011241FBECFEFD1E2DEBFCDBF46 |
|||
:1000F00000E00CBF0E9480000C9492000C94000061 |
|||
:100100008FEF84B98FE787BD83E884BD83E085BD29 |
|||
:1001100087E88093B30083EC8093B00084E0809301 |
|||
:08012000B100FFCFF894FFCFFE |
|||
:00000001FF |
|||
Binary file not shown.
@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ |
|||
Registers involved: |
|||
|
|||
GPIO: |
|||
DDRB: Data Direction Register for Port B= 0xFF for output |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
PWM Module: |
|||
OCR0A: Output Compare Register A=Value here is compared with the Timer value,and when the value matches, the specific pin[pin OC0A(pin 13) in this case] gets toggled |
|||
|
|||
TCCR0A: Timer/Counter 0 Control Register A = 0x83 |
|||
Bit [7:6]= COM0A-Compare Output Mode A = 10-Non-inverting PWM-Clear OC0A on Compare Match |
|||
Bit [1:0]= WGM[1:0]- Waveform Generation Mode=11- for non-inverting fast PWM. |
|||
|
|||
TCCR0B: Timer/Counter 0 Control Register B = 0x03 |
|||
Bit [2:0] – CS0[2:0]-Clock Select = 011- for prescaler=64 in order to obtain frequency of 1kHz |
|||
|
|||
OCR2A: Output Compare Register A=Value here is compared with the Timer value,and when the value matches, the specific pin[pin OC2A(pin 10) in this case] gets toggled. The value given here is such that the duty cycle is 47 percent, a little less than 50 percent. This change in duty cycle is done in order to induce deadtime in the inverted signal. |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
TCCR2A: Timer/Counter 2 Control Register A = 0xC3 |
|||
Bit [7:6]= COM0A-Compare Output Mode A = 11-Inverting PWM-Clear OC2A on Compare Match |
|||
Bit [1:0]= WGM[1:0]- Waveform Generation Mode=11- for fast PWM. |
|||
|
|||
TCCR2B: Timer/Counter 2 Control Register B = 0x04 |
|||
Bit [2:0] – CS0[2:0]-Clock Select = 100- for prescaler=64 in order to obtain frequency of 1kHz |
|||
|
|||
The concept of Deadtime: |
|||
One of the main problems in pulse width modulated voltage source inverter (PWM-VSI) drives is the nonlinear voltage |
|||
gain caused by non-ideal characteristics of the power inverter. |
|||
The most important nonlinearity is caused by the necessary |
|||
blanking time between top and bottom switch to avoid inverter |
|||
leg shoot-through of the DC bus circuit. The type of the switch |
|||
and pre-driver characteristics determine amount of the |
|||
necessary blank time. |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ |
|||
# simple AVR Makefile
|
|||
#
|
|||
# written by michael cousins (http://github.com/mcous)
|
|||
# released to the public domain
|
|||
|
|||
# Makefile
|
|||
#
|
|||
# targets:
|
|||
# all: compiles the source code
|
|||
# test: tests the isp connection to the mcu
|
|||
# flash: writes compiled hex file to the mcu's flash memory
|
|||
# fuse: writes the fuse bytes to the MCU
|
|||
# disasm: disassembles the code for debugging
|
|||
# clean: removes all .hex, .elf, and .o files in the source code and library directories
|
|||
|
|||
# parameters (change this stuff accordingly)
|
|||
# project name
|
|||
PRJ = main |
|||
# avr mcu
|
|||
MCU = atmega2560 |
|||
# mcu clock frequency
|
|||
CLK = 16000000 |
|||
# avr programmer (and port if necessary)
|
|||
# e.g. PRG = usbtiny -or- PRG = arduino -P /dev/tty.usbmodem411
|
|||
PRG = wiring -P /dev/ttyACM0 |
|||
# fuse values for avr: low, high, and extended
|
|||
# these values are from an Arduino Uno (ATMega328P)
|
|||
# see http://www.engbedded.com/fusecalc/ for other MCUs and options
|
|||
LFU = 0xFF |
|||
HFU = 0xD0 |
|||
EFU = 0xFD |
|||
# program source files (not including external libraries)
|
|||
SRC = $(PRJ).c |
|||
# where to look for external libraries (consisting of .c/.cpp files and .h files)
|
|||
# e.g. EXT = ../../EyeToSee ../../YouSART
|
|||
EXT = |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
#################################################################################################
|
|||
# \/ stuff nobody needs to worry about until such time that worrying about it is appropriate \/ #
|
|||
#################################################################################################
|
|||
|
|||
# include path
|
|||
INCLUDE := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), -I$(dir)) |
|||
# c flags
|
|||
CFLAGS = -Wall -Os -DF_CPU=$(CLK) -mmcu=$(MCU) $(INCLUDE) |
|||
# any aditional flags for c++
|
|||
CPPFLAGS = |
|||
|
|||
# executables
|
|||
AVRDUDE = avrdude -C /usr/share/arduino/hardware/tools/avrdude.conf -c $(PRG) -p $(MCU) -b 115200 -D |
|||
OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy |
|||
OBJDUMP = avr-objdump |
|||
SIZE = avr-size --format=avr --mcu=$(MCU) |
|||
CC = avr-gcc |
|||
|
|||
# generate list of objects
|
|||
CFILES = $(filter %.c, $(SRC)) |
|||
EXTC := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), $(wildcard $(dir)/*.c)) |
|||
CPPFILES = $(filter %.cpp, $(SRC)) |
|||
EXTCPP := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), $(wildcard $(dir)/*.cpp)) |
|||
OBJ = $(CFILES:.c=.o) $(EXTC:.c=.o) $(CPPFILES:.cpp=.o) $(EXTCPP:.cpp=.o) |
|||
|
|||
# user targets
|
|||
# compile all files
|
|||
all: $(PRJ).hex |
|||
|
|||
# test programmer connectivity
|
|||
test: |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -v |
|||
|
|||
# flash program to mcu
|
|||
flash: all |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -U flash:w:$(PRJ).hex:i |
|||
|
|||
# write fuses to mcu
|
|||
fuse: |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -U lfuse:w:$(LFU):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFU):m -U efuse:w:$(EFU):m |
|||
|
|||
# generate disassembly files for debugging
|
|||
disasm: $(PRJ).elf |
|||
$(OBJDUMP) -d $(PRJ).elf |
|||
|
|||
# remove compiled files
|
|||
clean: |
|||
rm -f *.hex *.elf *.o |
|||
$(foreach dir, $(EXT), rm -f $(dir)/*.o;) |
|||
|
|||
# other targets
|
|||
# objects from c files
|
|||
.c.o: |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@ |
|||
|
|||
# objects from c++ files
|
|||
.cpp.o: |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -c $< -o $@ |
|||
|
|||
# elf file
|
|||
$(PRJ).elf: $(OBJ) |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $(PRJ).elf $(OBJ) |
|||
|
|||
# hex file
|
|||
$(PRJ).hex: $(PRJ).elf |
|||
rm -f $(PRJ).hex |
|||
$(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $(PRJ).elf $(PRJ).hex |
|||
$(SIZE) $(PRJ).elf |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ |
|||
//sinusoidal PWM
|
|||
|
|||
|
|||
|
|||
#define F_CPU 16000000//16Mhz
|
|||
#define MS_DELAY 1000 |
|||
#include <avr/io.h> |
|||
#include <util/delay.h> |
|||
int main(void) |
|||
{ |
|||
DDRB = 0xFF;//Port B set as output
|
|||
//DDRB |= (1 <<3);//Port B(0:3) set as output
|
|||
while(1) |
|||
{ |
|||
for(int i=0;i<10;i++) |
|||
{ |
|||
OCR0A= 0x00 + i*25;//75 percent of 255=duty cycle
|
|||
TCCR0A = 0x83;//non-inverting pwm
|
|||
TCCR0B = 0x03;//prescaler = 64
|
|||
//output of pwm is at pin 13(OC0)
|
|||
_delay_ms(500); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
} |
|||
Binary file not shown.
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ |
|||
:100000000C9472000C947E000C947E000C947E0084 |
|||
:100010000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0068 |
|||
:100020000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0058 |
|||
:100030000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0048 |
|||
:100040000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0038 |
|||
:100050000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0028 |
|||
:100060000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0018 |
|||
:100070000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E0008 |
|||
:100080000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00F8 |
|||
:100090000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00E8 |
|||
:1000A0000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00D8 |
|||
:1000B0000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00C8 |
|||
:1000C0000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00B8 |
|||
:1000D0000C947E000C947E000C947E000C947E00A8 |
|||
:1000E0000C947E0011241FBECFEFD1E2DEBFCDBF46 |
|||
:1000F00000E00CBF0E9480000C9495000C9400005E |
|||
:100100008FEF84B993E823E080E087BD94BD25BDDF |
|||
:100110003FEF49E658E1315040405040E1F700C020 |
|||
:0E0120000000875E8A3F89F7EFCFF894FFCF8B |
|||
:00000001FF |
|||
Binary file not shown.
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ |
|||
Registers involved: |
|||
|
|||
GPIO: |
|||
DDRB: Data Direction Register for Port B= 0xFF for output |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
PWM Module: |
|||
OCR0A: Output Compare Register A=Value here is compared with the Timer value,and when the value matches, the specific pin[pin OC0A(pin 13) in this case] gets toggled |
|||
|
|||
TCCR0A: Timer/Counter 0 Control Register A = 0x83 |
|||
Bit [7:6]= COM0A-Compare Output Mode A = 10-Non-inverting PWM-Clear OC0A on Compare Match |
|||
Bit [1:0]= WGM[1:0]- Waveform Generation Mode=11- for non-inverting fast PWM. |
|||
|
|||
TCCR0B: Timer/Counter 0 Control Register B = 0x03 |
|||
Bit [2:0] – CS0[2:0]-Clock Select = 011- for prescaler=64 in order to obtain frequency of 1kHz |
|||
|
|||
The PWM runs in a loop with duty-cycle varying(i.e. changing value of OCR0A) such that the mean value follows a sinusoidal pattern. This function maybe helpful in AC generators. |
|||
|
|||
inbuilt delay function used to induce a delay of 0.5 seconds before the duty cycle of the PWM changes |
|||
|
|||
@ -0,0 +1 @@ |
|||
# ATMega_2560_Embedded_RnD_2 |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ |
|||
# simple AVR Makefile
|
|||
#
|
|||
# written by michael cousins (http://github.com/mcous)
|
|||
# released to the public domain
|
|||
|
|||
# Makefile
|
|||
#
|
|||
# targets:
|
|||
# all: compiles the source code
|
|||
# test: tests the isp connection to the mcu
|
|||
# flash: writes compiled hex file to the mcu's flash memory
|
|||
# fuse: writes the fuse bytes to the MCU
|
|||
# disasm: disassembles the code for debugging
|
|||
# clean: removes all .hex, .elf, and .o files in the source code and library directories
|
|||
|
|||
# parameters (change this stuff accordingly)
|
|||
# project name
|
|||
PRJ = main |
|||
# avr mcu
|
|||
MCU = atmega2560 |
|||
# mcu clock frequency
|
|||
CLK = 16000000 |
|||
# avr programmer (and port if necessary)
|
|||
# e.g. PRG = usbtiny -or- PRG = arduino -P /dev/tty.usbmodem411
|
|||
PRG = wiring -P /dev/ttyACM0 |
|||
# fuse values for avr: low, high, and extended
|
|||
# these values are from an Arduino Uno (ATMega328P)
|
|||
# see http://www.engbedded.com/fusecalc/ for other MCUs and options
|
|||
LFU = 0xFF |
|||
HFU = 0xD0 |
|||
EFU = 0xFD |
|||
# program source files (not including external libraries)
|
|||
SRC = $(PRJ).c |
|||
# where to look for external libraries (consisting of .c/.cpp files and .h files)
|
|||
# e.g. EXT = ../../EyeToSee ../../YouSART
|
|||
EXT = |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
#################################################################################################
|
|||
# \/ stuff nobody needs to worry about until such time that worrying about it is appropriate \/ #
|
|||
#################################################################################################
|
|||
|
|||
# include path
|
|||
INCLUDE := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), -I$(dir)) |
|||
# c flags
|
|||
CFLAGS = -Wall -Os -DF_CPU=$(CLK) -mmcu=$(MCU) $(INCLUDE) |
|||
# any aditional flags for c++
|
|||
CPPFLAGS = |
|||
|
|||
# executables
|
|||
AVRDUDE = avrdude -C /usr/share/arduino/hardware/tools/avrdude.conf -c $(PRG) -p $(MCU) -b 115200 -D |
|||
OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy |
|||
OBJDUMP = avr-objdump |
|||
SIZE = avr-size --format=avr --mcu=$(MCU) |
|||
CC = avr-gcc |
|||
|
|||
# generate list of objects
|
|||
CFILES = $(filter %.c, $(SRC)) |
|||
EXTC := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), $(wildcard $(dir)/*.c)) |
|||
CPPFILES = $(filter %.cpp, $(SRC)) |
|||
EXTCPP := $(foreach dir, $(EXT), $(wildcard $(dir)/*.cpp)) |
|||
OBJ = $(CFILES:.c=.o) $(EXTC:.c=.o) $(CPPFILES:.cpp=.o) $(EXTCPP:.cpp=.o) |
|||
|
|||
# user targets
|
|||
# compile all files
|
|||
all: $(PRJ).hex |
|||
|
|||
# test programmer connectivity
|
|||
test: |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -v |
|||
|
|||
# flash program to mcu
|
|||
flash: all |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -U flash:w:$(PRJ).hex:i |
|||
|
|||
# write fuses to mcu
|
|||
fuse: |
|||
$(AVRDUDE) -U lfuse:w:$(LFU):m -U hfuse:w:$(HFU):m -U efuse:w:$(EFU):m |
|||
|
|||
# generate disassembly files for debugging
|
|||
disasm: $(PRJ).elf |
|||
$(OBJDUMP) -d $(PRJ).elf |
|||
|
|||
# remove compiled files
|
|||
clean: |
|||
rm -f *.hex *.elf *.o |
|||
$(foreach dir, $(EXT), rm -f $(dir)/*.o;) |
|||
|
|||
# other targets
|
|||
# objects from c files
|
|||
.c.o: |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@ |
|||
|
|||
# objects from c++ files
|
|||
.cpp.o: |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -c $< -o $@ |
|||
|
|||
# elf file
|
|||
$(PRJ).elf: $(OBJ) |
|||
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $(PRJ).elf $(OBJ) |
|||
|
|||
# hex file
|
|||
$(PRJ).hex: $(PRJ).elf |
|||
rm -f $(PRJ).hex |
|||
$(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $(PRJ).elf $(PRJ).hex |
|||
$(SIZE) $(PRJ).elf |
|||
Binary file not shown.
@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ |
|||
//#define F_CPU 16000000
|
|||
#include <avr/io.h> |
|||
#include <util/delay.h> |
|||
#include <stdio.h> |
|||
|
|||
#define BAUDRATE 115200L |
|||
#define SERIAL_FORMAT_8N1 0x06 |
|||
|
|||
FILE* uart_init(void); |
|||
static int uart_putc(char c, FILE *stream); |
|||
|
|||
static FILE outfile = FDEV_SETUP_STREAM(uart_putc, NULL, _FDEV_SETUP_WRITE); |
|||
|
|||
int main(void) |
|||
{ |
|||
stdout = uart_init(); |
|||
DDRB |= (1<<DDB7); |
|||
|
|||
while(1) |
|||
{ |
|||
PORTB |= (1<<PORTB7); |
|||
_delay_ms(1000); |
|||
printf("hello\n"); |
|||
|
|||
PORTB &= ~ (1<<PORTB7); |
|||
_delay_ms(1000); |
|||
printf("world\n"); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
FILE* uart_init(void) |
|||
{ |
|||
/* configure UART0 baudrate */ |
|||
UBRR0H = 0; |
|||
UBRR0L = (uint8_t) (F_CPU / 4 / BAUDRATE - 1) / 2; |
|||
|
|||
/* set UART0 control and status registers (UCSR0x) */ |
|||
UCSR0A |= (1 << U2X0); /* double the transmission speed */ |
|||
UCSR0B |= (1 << TXEN0); |
|||
UCSR0C = SERIAL_FORMAT_8N1; |
|||
|
|||
return &outfile; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
static int uart_putc(char c, FILE *stream) |
|||
{ |
|||
loop_until_bit_is_set(UCSR0A, UDRE0); |
|||
UDR0 = (uint8_t)c; |
|||
return c; |
|||
} |
|||
Some files were not shown because too many files changed in this diff
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Reference in new issue