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"""
This module gathers tree-based methods, including decision, regression and
randomized trees. Single and multi-output problems are both handled.
"""
# Authors: Gilles Louppe <g.louppe@gmail.com>
# Peter Prettenhofer <peter.prettenhofer@gmail.com>
# Brian Holt <bdholt1@gmail.com>
# Noel Dawe <noel@dawe.me>
# Satrajit Gosh <satrajit.ghosh@gmail.com>
# Joly Arnaud <arnaud.v.joly@gmail.com>
# Fares Hedayati <fares.hedayati@gmail.com>
# Nelson Liu <nelson@nelsonliu.me>
#
# License: BSD 3 clause
import numbers
import warnings
from abc import ABCMeta
from abc import abstractmethod
from math import ceil
import numpy as np
from scipy.sparse import issparse
from ..base import BaseEstimator
from ..base import ClassifierMixin
from ..base import clone
from ..base import RegressorMixin
from ..base import is_classifier
from ..base import MultiOutputMixin
from ..utils import Bunch
from ..utils import check_random_state
from ..utils.validation import _check_sample_weight
from ..utils import compute_sample_weight
from ..utils.multiclass import check_classification_targets
from ..utils.validation import check_is_fitted
from ..utils.validation import _deprecate_positional_args
from ._criterion import Criterion
from ._splitter import Splitter
from ._tree import DepthFirstTreeBuilder
from ._tree import BestFirstTreeBuilder
from ._tree import Tree
from ._tree import _build_pruned_tree_ccp
from ._tree import ccp_pruning_path
from . import _tree, _splitter, _criterion
__all__ = ["DecisionTreeClassifier",
"DecisionTreeRegressor",
"ExtraTreeClassifier",
"ExtraTreeRegressor"]
# =============================================================================
# Types and constants
# =============================================================================
DTYPE = _tree.DTYPE
DOUBLE = _tree.DOUBLE
CRITERIA_CLF = {"gini": _criterion.Gini,
"entropy": _criterion.Entropy}
CRITERIA_REG = {"mse": _criterion.MSE,
"friedman_mse": _criterion.FriedmanMSE,
"mae": _criterion.MAE,
"poisson": _criterion.Poisson}
DENSE_SPLITTERS = {"best": _splitter.BestSplitter,
"random": _splitter.RandomSplitter}
SPARSE_SPLITTERS = {"best": _splitter.BestSparseSplitter,
"random": _splitter.RandomSparseSplitter}
# =============================================================================
# Base decision tree
# =============================================================================
class BaseDecisionTree(MultiOutputMixin, BaseEstimator, metaclass=ABCMeta):
"""Base class for decision trees.
Warning: This class should not be used directly.
Use derived classes instead.
"""
@abstractmethod
@_deprecate_positional_args
def __init__(self, *,
criterion,
splitter,
max_depth,
min_samples_split,
min_samples_leaf,
min_weight_fraction_leaf,
max_features,
max_leaf_nodes,
random_state,
min_impurity_decrease,
min_impurity_split,
class_weight=None,
ccp_alpha=0.0):
self.criterion = criterion
self.splitter = splitter
self.max_depth = max_depth
self.min_samples_split = min_samples_split
self.min_samples_leaf = min_samples_leaf
self.min_weight_fraction_leaf = min_weight_fraction_leaf
self.max_features = max_features
self.max_leaf_nodes = max_leaf_nodes
self.random_state = random_state
self.min_impurity_decrease = min_impurity_decrease
self.min_impurity_split = min_impurity_split
self.class_weight = class_weight
self.ccp_alpha = ccp_alpha
def get_depth(self):
"""Return the depth of the decision tree.
The depth of a tree is the maximum distance between the root
and any leaf.
Returns
-------
self.tree_.max_depth : int
The maximum depth of the tree.
"""
check_is_fitted(self)
return self.tree_.max_depth
def get_n_leaves(self):
"""Return the number of leaves of the decision tree.
Returns
-------
self.tree_.n_leaves : int
Number of leaves.
"""
check_is_fitted(self)
return self.tree_.n_leaves
def fit(self, X, y, sample_weight=None, check_input=True,
X_idx_sorted="deprecated"):
random_state = check_random_state(self.random_state)
if self.ccp_alpha < 0.0:
raise ValueError("ccp_alpha must be greater than or equal to 0")
if check_input:
# Need to validate separately here.
# We can't pass multi_ouput=True because that would allow y to be
# csr.
check_X_params = dict(dtype=DTYPE, accept_sparse="csc")
check_y_params = dict(ensure_2d=False, dtype=None)
X, y = self._validate_data(X, y,
validate_separately=(check_X_params,
check_y_params))
if issparse(X):
X.sort_indices()
if X.indices.dtype != np.intc or X.indptr.dtype != np.intc:
raise ValueError("No support for np.int64 index based "
"sparse matrices")
if self.criterion == "poisson":
if np.any(y < 0):
raise ValueError("Some value(s) of y are negative which is"
" not allowed for Poisson regression.")
if np.sum(y) <= 0:
raise ValueError("Sum of y is not positive which is "
"necessary for Poisson regression.")
# Determine output settings
n_samples, self.n_features_ = X.shape
self.n_features_in_ = self.n_features_
is_classification = is_classifier(self)
y = np.atleast_1d(y)
expanded_class_weight = None
if y.ndim == 1:
# reshape is necessary to preserve the data contiguity against vs
# [:, np.newaxis] that does not.
y = np.reshape(y, (-1, 1))
self.n_outputs_ = y.shape[1]
if is_classification:
check_classification_targets(y)
y = np.copy(y)
self.classes_ = []
self.n_classes_ = []
if self.class_weight is not None:
y_original = np.copy(y)
y_encoded = np.zeros(y.shape, dtype=int)
for k in range(self.n_outputs_):
classes_k, y_encoded[:, k] = np.unique(y[:, k],
return_inverse=True)
self.classes_.append(classes_k)
self.n_classes_.append(classes_k.shape[0])
y = y_encoded
if self.class_weight is not None:
expanded_class_weight = compute_sample_weight(
self.class_weight, y_original)
self.n_classes_ = np.array(self.n_classes_, dtype=np.intp)
if getattr(y, "dtype", None) != DOUBLE or not y.flags.contiguous:
y = np.ascontiguousarray(y, dtype=DOUBLE)
# Check parameters
max_depth = (np.iinfo(np.int32).max if self.max_depth is None
else self.max_depth)
max_leaf_nodes = (-1 if self.max_leaf_nodes is None
else self.max_leaf_nodes)
if isinstance(self.min_samples_leaf, numbers.Integral):
if not 1 <= self.min_samples_leaf:
raise ValueError("min_samples_leaf must be at least 1 "
"or in (0, 0.5], got %s"
% self.min_samples_leaf)
min_samples_leaf = self.min_samples_leaf
else: # float
if not 0. < self.min_samples_leaf <= 0.5:
raise ValueError("min_samples_leaf must be at least 1 "
"or in (0, 0.5], got %s"
% self.min_samples_leaf)
min_samples_leaf = int(ceil(self.min_samples_leaf * n_samples))
if isinstance(self.min_samples_split, numbers.Integral):
if not 2 <= self.min_samples_split:
raise ValueError("min_samples_split must be an integer "
"greater than 1 or a float in (0.0, 1.0]; "
"got the integer %s"
% self.min_samples_split)
min_samples_split = self.min_samples_split
else: # float
if not 0. < self.min_samples_split <= 1.:
raise ValueError("min_samples_split must be an integer "
"greater than 1 or a float in (0.0, 1.0]; "
"got the float %s"
% self.min_samples_split)
min_samples_split = int(ceil(self.min_samples_split * n_samples))
min_samples_split = max(2, min_samples_split)
min_samples_split = max(min_samples_split, 2 * min_samples_leaf)
if isinstance(self.max_features, str):
if self.max_features == "auto":
if is_classification:
max_features = max(1, int(np.sqrt(self.n_features_)))
else:
max_features = self.n_features_
elif self.max_features == "sqrt":
max_features = max(1, int(np.sqrt(self.n_features_)))
elif self.max_features == "log2":
max_features = max(1, int(np.log2(self.n_features_)))
else:
raise ValueError("Invalid value for max_features. "
"Allowed string values are 'auto', "
"'sqrt' or 'log2'.")
elif self.max_features is None:
max_features = self.n_features_
elif isinstance(self.max_features, numbers.Integral):
max_features = self.max_features
else: # float
if self.max_features > 0.0:
max_features = max(1,
int(self.max_features * self.n_features_))
else:
max_features = 0
self.max_features_ = max_features
if len(y) != n_samples:
raise ValueError("Number of labels=%d does not match "
"number of samples=%d" % (len(y), n_samples))
if not 0 <= self.min_weight_fraction_leaf <= 0.5:
raise ValueError("min_weight_fraction_leaf must in [0, 0.5]")
if max_depth <= 0:
raise ValueError("max_depth must be greater than zero. ")
if not (0 < max_features <= self.n_features_):
raise ValueError("max_features must be in (0, n_features]")
if not isinstance(max_leaf_nodes, numbers.Integral):
raise ValueError("max_leaf_nodes must be integral number but was "
"%r" % max_leaf_nodes)
if -1 < max_leaf_nodes < 2:
raise ValueError(("max_leaf_nodes {0} must be either None "
"or larger than 1").format(max_leaf_nodes))
if sample_weight is not None:
sample_weight = _check_sample_weight(sample_weight, X, DOUBLE)
if expanded_class_weight is not None:
if sample_weight is not None:
sample_weight = sample_weight * expanded_class_weight
else:
sample_weight = expanded_class_weight
# Set min_weight_leaf from min_weight_fraction_leaf
if sample_weight is None:
min_weight_leaf = (self.min_weight_fraction_leaf *
n_samples)
else:
min_weight_leaf = (self.min_weight_fraction_leaf *
np.sum(sample_weight))
min_impurity_split = self.min_impurity_split
if min_impurity_split is not None:
warnings.warn(
"The min_impurity_split parameter is deprecated. Its default "
"value has changed from 1e-7 to 0 in version 0.23, and it "
"will be removed in 1.0 (renaming of 0.25). Use the "
"min_impurity_decrease parameter instead.",
FutureWarning
)
if min_impurity_split < 0.:
raise ValueError("min_impurity_split must be greater than "
"or equal to 0")
else:
min_impurity_split = 0
if self.min_impurity_decrease < 0.:
raise ValueError("min_impurity_decrease must be greater than "
"or equal to 0")
# TODO: Remove in 1.1
if X_idx_sorted != "deprecated":
warnings.warn(
"The parameter 'X_idx_sorted' is deprecated and has no "
"effect. It will be removed in 1.1 (renaming of 0.26). You "
"can suppress this warning by not passing any value to the "
"'X_idx_sorted' parameter.",
FutureWarning
)
# Build tree
criterion = self.criterion
if not isinstance(criterion, Criterion):
if is_classification:
criterion = CRITERIA_CLF[self.criterion](self.n_outputs_,
self.n_classes_)
else:
criterion = CRITERIA_REG[self.criterion](self.n_outputs_,
n_samples)
SPLITTERS = SPARSE_SPLITTERS if issparse(X) else DENSE_SPLITTERS
splitter = self.splitter
if not isinstance(self.splitter, Splitter):
splitter = SPLITTERS[self.splitter](criterion,
self.max_features_,
min_samples_leaf,
min_weight_leaf,
random_state)
if is_classifier(self):
self.tree_ = Tree(self.n_features_,
self.n_classes_, self.n_outputs_)
else:
self.tree_ = Tree(self.n_features_,
# TODO: tree should't need this in this case
np.array([1] * self.n_outputs_, dtype=np.intp),
self.n_outputs_)
# Use BestFirst if max_leaf_nodes given; use DepthFirst otherwise
if max_leaf_nodes < 0:
builder = DepthFirstTreeBuilder(splitter, min_samples_split,
min_samples_leaf,
min_weight_leaf,
max_depth,
self.min_impurity_decrease,
min_impurity_split)
else:
builder = BestFirstTreeBuilder(splitter, min_samples_split,
min_samples_leaf,
min_weight_leaf,
max_depth,
max_leaf_nodes,
self.min_impurity_decrease,
min_impurity_split)
builder.build(self.tree_, X, y, sample_weight)
if self.n_outputs_ == 1 and is_classifier(self):
self.n_classes_ = self.n_classes_[0]
self.classes_ = self.classes_[0]
self._prune_tree()
return self
def _validate_X_predict(self, X, check_input):
"""Validate the training data on predict (probabilities)."""
if check_input:
X = self._validate_data(X, dtype=DTYPE, accept_sparse="csr",
reset=False)
if issparse(X) and (X.indices.dtype != np.intc or
X.indptr.dtype != np.intc):
raise ValueError("No support for np.int64 index based "
"sparse matrices")
else:
# The number of features is checked regardless of `check_input`
self._check_n_features(X, reset=False)
return X
def predict(self, X, check_input=True):
"""Predict class or regression value for X.
For a classification model, the predicted class for each sample in X is
returned. For a regression model, the predicted value based on X is
returned.
Parameters
----------
X : {array-like, sparse matrix} of shape (n_samples, n_features)
The input samples. Internally, it will be converted to
``dtype=np.float32`` and if a sparse matrix is provided
to a sparse ``csr_matrix``.
check_input : bool, default=True
Allow to bypass several input checking.
Don't use this parameter unless you know what you do.
Returns
-------
y : array-like of shape (n_samples,) or (n_samples, n_outputs)
The predicted classes, or the predict values.
"""
check_is_fitted(self)
X = self._validate_X_predict(X, check_input)
proba = self.tree_.predict(X)
n_samples = X.shape[0]
# Classification
if is_classifier(self):
if self.n_outputs_ == 1:
return self.classes_.take(np.argmax(proba, axis=1), axis=0)
else:
class_type = self.classes_[0].dtype
predictions = np.zeros((n_samples, self.n_outputs_),
dtype=class_type)
for k in range(self.n_outputs_):
predictions[:, k] = self.classes_[k].take(
np.argmax(proba[:, k], axis=1),
axis=0)
return predictions
# Regression
else:
if self.n_outputs_ == 1:
return proba[:, 0]
else:
return proba[:, :, 0]
def apply(self, X, check_input=True):
"""Return the index of the leaf that each sample is predicted as.
.. versionadded:: 0.17
Parameters
----------
X : {array-like, sparse matrix} of shape (n_samples, n_features)
The input samples. Internally, it will be converted to
``dtype=np.float32`` and if a sparse matrix is provided
to a sparse ``csr_matrix``.
check_input : bool, default=True
Allow to bypass several input checking.
Don't use this parameter unless you know what you do.
Returns
-------
X_leaves : array-like of shape (n_samples,)
For each datapoint x in X, return the index of the leaf x
ends up in. Leaves are numbered within
``[0; self.tree_.node_count)``, possibly with gaps in the
numbering.
"""
check_is_fitted(self)
X = self._validate_X_predict(X, check_input)
return self.tree_.apply(X)
def decision_path(self, X, check_input=True):
"""Return the decision path in the tree.
.. versionadded:: 0.18
Parameters
----------
X : {array-like, sparse matrix} of shape (n_samples, n_features)
The input samples. Internally, it will be converted to
``dtype=np.float32`` and if a sparse matrix is provided
to a sparse ``csr_matrix``.
check_input : bool, default=True
Allow to bypass several input checking.
Don't use this parameter unless you know what you do.
Returns
-------
indicator : sparse matrix of shape (n_samples, n_nodes)
Return a node indicator CSR matrix where non zero elements
indicates that the samples goes through the nodes.
"""
X = self._validate_X_predict(X, check_input)
return self.tree_.decision_path(X)
def _prune_tree(self):
"""Prune tree using Minimal Cost-Complexity Pruning."""
check_is_fitted(self)
if self.ccp_alpha < 0.0:
raise ValueError("ccp_alpha must be greater than or equal to 0")
if self.ccp_alpha == 0.0:
return
# build pruned tree
if is_classifier(self):
n_classes = np.atleast_1d(self.n_classes_)
pruned_tree = Tree(self.n_features_, n_classes, self.n_outputs_)
else:
pruned_tree = Tree(self.n_features_,
# TODO: the tree shouldn't need this param
np.array([1] * self.n_outputs_, dtype=np.intp),
self.n_outputs_)
_build_pruned_tree_ccp(pruned_tree, self.tree_, self.ccp_alpha)
self.tree_ = pruned_tree
def cost_complexity_pruning_path(self, X, y, sample_weight=None):
"""Compute the pruning path during Minimal Cost-Complexity Pruning.
See :ref:`minimal_cost_complexity_pruning` for details on the pruning
process.
Parameters
----------
X : {array-like, sparse matrix} of shape (n_samples, n_features)
The training input samples. Internally, it will be converted to
``dtype=np.float32`` and if a sparse matrix is provided
to a sparse ``csc_matrix``.
y : array-like of shape (n_samples,) or (n_samples, n_outputs)
The target values (class labels) as integers or strings.
sample_weight : array-like of shape (n_samples,), default=None
Sample weights. If None, then samples are equally weighted. Splits
that would create child nodes with net zero or negative weight are
ignored while searching for a split in each node. Splits are also
ignored if they would result in any single class carrying a
negative weight in either child node.
Returns
-------
ccp_path : :class:`~sklearn.utils.Bunch`
Dictionary-like object, with the following attributes.
ccp_alphas : ndarray
Effective alphas of subtree during pruning.
impurities : ndarray
Sum of the impurities of the subtree leaves for the
corresponding alpha value in ``ccp_alphas``.
"""
est = clone(self).set_params(ccp_alpha=0.0)
est.fit(X, y, sample_weight=sample_weight)
return Bunch(**ccp_pruning_path(est.tree_))
@property
def feature_importances_(self):
"""Return the feature importances.
The importance of a feature is computed as the (normalized) total
reduction of the criterion brought by that feature.
It is also known as the Gini importance.
Warning: impurity-based feature importances can be misleading for
high cardinality features (many unique values). See
:func:`sklearn.inspection.permutation_importance` as an alternative.
Returns
-------
feature_importances_ : ndarray of shape (n_features,)
Normalized total reduction of criteria by feature
(Gini importance).
"""
check_is_fitted(self)
return self.tree_.compute_feature_importances()
# =============================================================================
# Public estimators
# =============================================================================
class DecisionTreeClassifier(ClassifierMixin, BaseDecisionTree):
"""A decision tree classifier.
Read more in the :ref:`User Guide <tree>`.
Parameters
----------
criterion : {"gini", "entropy"}, default="gini"
The function to measure the quality of a split. Supported criteria are
"gini" for the Gini impurity and "entropy" for the information gain.
splitter : {"best", "random"}, default="best"
The strategy used to choose the split at each node. Supported
strategies are "best" to choose the best split and "random" to choose
the best random split.
max_depth : int, default=None
The maximum depth of the tree. If None, then nodes are expanded until
all leaves are pure or until all leaves contain less than
min_samples_split samples.
min_samples_split : int or float, default=2
The minimum number of samples required to split an internal node:
- If int, then consider `min_samples_split` as the minimum number.
- If float, then `min_samples_split` is a fraction and
`ceil(min_samples_split * n_samples)` are the minimum
number of samples for each split.
.. versionchanged:: 0.18
Added float values for fractions.
min_samples_leaf : int or float, default=1
The minimum number of samples required to be at a leaf node.
A split point at any depth will only be considered if it leaves at
least ``min_samples_leaf`` training samples in each of the left and
right branches. This may have the effect of smoothing the model,
especially in regression.
- If int, then consider `min_samples_leaf` as the minimum number.
- If float, then `min_samples_leaf` is a fraction and
`ceil(min_samples_leaf * n_samples)` are the minimum
number of samples for each node.
.. versionchanged:: 0.18
Added float values for fractions.
min_weight_fraction_leaf : float, default=0.0
The minimum weighted fraction of the sum total of weights (of all
the input samples) required to be at a leaf node. Samples have
equal weight when sample_weight is not provided.
max_features : int, float or {"auto", "sqrt", "log2"}, default=None
The number of features to consider when looking for the best split:
- If int, then consider `max_features` features at each split.
- If float, then `max_features` is a fraction and
`int(max_features * n_features)` features are considered at each
split.
- If "auto", then `max_features=sqrt(n_features)`.
- If "sqrt", then `max_features=sqrt(n_features)`.
- If "log2", then `max_features=log2(n_features)`.
- If None, then `max_features=n_features`.
Note: the search for a split does not stop until at least one
valid partition of the node samples is found, even if it requires to
effectively inspect more than ``max_features`` features.
random_state : int, RandomState instance or None, default=None
Controls the randomness of the estimator. The features are always
randomly permuted at each split, even if ``splitter`` is set to
``"best"``. When ``max_features < n_features``, the algorithm will
select ``max_features`` at random at each split before finding the best
split among them. But the best found split may vary across different
runs, even if ``max_features=n_features``. That is the case, if the
improvement of the criterion is identical for several splits and one
split has to be selected at random. To obtain a deterministic behaviour
during fitting, ``random_state`` has to be fixed to an integer.
See :term:`Glossary <random_state>` for details.
max_leaf_nodes : int, default=None
Grow a tree with ``max_leaf_nodes`` in best-first fashion.
Best nodes are defined as relative reduction in impurity.
If None then unlimited number of leaf nodes.
min_impurity_decrease : float, default=0.0
A node will be split if this split induces a decrease of the impurity
greater than or equal to this value.
The weighted impurity decrease equation is the following::
N_t / N * (impurity - N_t_R / N_t * right_impurity
- N_t_L / N_t * left_impurity)
where ``N`` is the total number of samples, ``N_t`` is the number of
samples at the current node, ``N_t_L`` is the number of samples in the
left child, and ``N_t_R`` is the number of samples in the right child.
``N``, ``N_t``, ``N_t_R`` and ``N_t_L`` all refer to the weighted sum,
if ``sample_weight`` is passed.
.. versionadded:: 0.19
min_impurity_split : float, default=0
Threshold for early stopping in tree growth. A node will split
if its impurity is above the threshold, otherwise it is a leaf.
.. deprecated:: 0.19
``min_impurity_split`` has been deprecated in favor of
``min_impurity_decrease`` in 0.19. The default value of
``min_impurity_split`` has changed from 1e-7 to 0 in 0.23 and it
will be removed in 1.0 (renaming of 0.25).
Use ``min_impurity_decrease`` instead.
class_weight : dict, list of dict or "balanced", default=None
Weights associated with classes in the form ``{class_label: weight}``.
If None, all classes are supposed to have weight one. For
multi-output problems, a list of dicts can be provided in the same
order as the columns of y.
Note that for multioutput (including multilabel) weights should be
defined for each class of every column in its own dict. For example,
for four-class multilabel classification weights should be
[{0: 1, 1: 1}, {0: 1, 1: 5}, {0: 1, 1: 1}, {0: 1, 1: 1}] instead of
[{1:1}, {2:5}, {3:1}, {4:1}].
The "balanced" mode uses the values of y to automatically adjust
weights inversely proportional to class frequencies in the input data
as ``n_samples / (n_classes * np.bincount(y))``
For multi-output, the weights of each column of y will be multiplied.
Note that these weights will be multiplied with sample_weight (passed
through the fit method) if sample_weight is specified.
ccp_alpha : non-negative float, default=0.0
Complexity parameter used for Minimal Cost-Complexity Pruning. The
subtree with the largest cost complexity that is smaller than
``ccp_alpha`` will be chosen. By default, no pruning is performed. See
:ref:`minimal_cost_complexity_pruning` for details.
.. versionadded:: 0.22
Attributes
----------
classes_ : ndarray of shape (n_classes,) or list of ndarray
The classes labels (single output problem),
or a list of arrays of class labels (multi-output problem).
feature_importances_ : ndarray of shape (n_features,)
The impurity-based feature importances.
The higher, the more important the feature.
The importance of a feature is computed as the (normalized)
total reduction of the criterion brought by that feature. It is also
known as the Gini importance [4]_.
Warning: impurity-based feature importances can be misleading for
high cardinality features (many unique values). See
:func:`sklearn.inspection.permutation_importance` as an alternative.
max_features_ : int
The inferred value of max_features.
n_classes_ : int or list of int
The number of classes (for single output problems),
or a list containing the number of classes for each
output (for multi-output problems).
n_features_ : int
The number of features when ``fit`` is performed.
n_outputs_ : int
The number of outputs when ``fit`` is performed.
tree_ : Tree instance
The underlying Tree object. Please refer to
``help(sklearn.tree._tree.Tree)`` for attributes of Tree object and
:ref:`sphx_glr_auto_examples_tree_plot_unveil_tree_structure.py`
for basic usage of these attributes.
See Also
--------
DecisionTreeRegressor : A decision tree regressor.
Notes
-----
The default values for the parameters controlling the size of the trees
(e.g. ``max_depth``, ``min_samples_leaf``, etc.) lead to fully grown and
unpruned trees which can potentially be very large on some data sets. To
reduce memory consumption, the complexity and size of the trees should be
controlled by setting those parameter values.
The :meth:`predict` method operates using the :func:`numpy.argmax`
function on the outputs of :meth:`predict_proba`. This means that in
case the highest predicted probabilities are tied, the classifier will
predict the tied class with the lowest index in :term:`classes_`.
References
----------
.. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_tree_learning
.. [2] L. Breiman, J. Friedman, R. Olshen, and C. Stone, "Classification
and Regression Trees", Wadsworth, Belmont, CA, 1984.
.. [3] T. Hastie, R. Tibshirani and J. Friedman. "Elements of Statistical
Learning", Springer, 2009.
.. [4] L. Breiman, and A. Cutler, "Random Forests",
https://www.stat.berkeley.edu/~breiman/RandomForests/cc_home.htm
Examples
--------
>>> from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
>>> from sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_score
>>> from sklearn.tree import DecisionTreeClassifier
>>> clf = DecisionTreeClassifier(random_state=0)
>>> iris = load_iris()
>>> cross_val_score(clf, iris.data, iris.target, cv=10)
... # doctest: +SKIP
...
array([ 1. , 0.93..., 0.86..., 0.93..., 0.93...,
0.93..., 0.93..., 1. , 0.93..., 1. ])
"""
@_deprecate_positional_args
def __init__(self, *,
criterion="gini",
splitter="best",
max_depth=None,
min_samples_split=2,
min_samples_leaf=1,
min_weight_fraction_leaf=0.,
max_features=None,
random_state=None,
max_leaf_nodes=None,
min_impurity_decrease=0.,
min_impurity_split=None,
class_weight=None,
ccp_alpha=0.0):
super().__init__(
criterion=criterion,
splitter=splitter,
max_depth=max_depth,
min_samples_split=min_samples_split,
min_samples_leaf=min_samples_leaf,
min_weight_fraction_leaf=min_weight_fraction_leaf,
max_features=max_features,
max_leaf_nodes=max_leaf_nodes,
class_weight=class_weight,
random_state=random_state,
min_impurity_decrease=min_impurity_decrease,
min_impurity_split=min_impurity_split,
ccp_alpha=ccp_alpha)
def fit(self, X, y, sample_weight=None, check_input=True,
X_idx_sorted="deprecated"):
"""Build a decision tree classifier from the training set (X, y).
Parameters
----------
X : {array-like, sparse matrix} of shape (n_samples, n_features)
The training input samples. Internally, it will be converted to
``dtype=np.float32`` and if a sparse matrix is provided
to a sparse ``csc_matrix``.
y : array-like of shape (n_samples,) or (n_samples, n_outputs)
The target values (class labels) as integers or strings.
sample_weight : array-like of shape (n_samples,), default=None
Sample weights. If None, then samples are equally weighted. Splits
that would create child nodes with net zero or negative weight are
ignored while searching for a split in each node. Splits are also
ignored if they would result in any single class carrying a
negative weight in either child node.
check_input : bool, default=True
Allow to bypass several input checking.
Don't use this parameter unless you know what you do.
X_idx_sorted : deprecated, default="deprecated"
This parameter is deprecated and has no effect.
It will be removed in 1.1 (renaming of 0.26).
.. deprecated :: 0.24
Returns
-------
self : DecisionTreeClassifier
Fitted estimator.
"""
super().fit(
X, y,
sample_weight=sample_weight,
check_input=check_input,
X_idx_sorted=X_idx_sorted)
return self
def predict_proba(self, X, check_input=True):
"""Predict class probabilities of the input samples X.
The predicted class probability is the fraction of samples of the same
class in a leaf.
Parameters
----------
X : {array-like, sparse matrix} of shape (n_samples, n_features)
The input samples. Internally, it will be converted to
``dtype=np.float32`` and if a sparse matrix is provided
to a sparse ``csr_matrix``.
check_input : bool, default=True
Allow to bypass several input checking.
Don't use this parameter unless you know what you do.
Returns
-------
proba : ndarray of shape (n_samples, n_classes) or list of n_outputs \
such arrays if n_outputs > 1
The class probabilities of the input samples. The order of the
classes corresponds to that in the attribute :term:`classes_`.
"""
check_is_fitted(self)
X = self._validate_X_predict(X, check_input)
proba = self.tree_.predict(X)
if self.n_outputs_ == 1:
proba = proba[:, :self.n_classes_]
normalizer = proba.sum(axis=1)[:, np.newaxis]
normalizer[normalizer == 0.0] = 1.0
proba /= normalizer
return proba
else:
all_proba = []
for k in range(self.n_outputs_):
proba_k = proba[:, k, :self.n_classes_[k]]
normalizer = proba_k.sum(axis=1)[:, np.newaxis]
normalizer[normalizer == 0.0] = 1.0
proba_k /= normalizer
all_proba.append(proba_k)
return all_proba
def predict_log_proba(self, X):
"""Predict class log-probabilities of the input samples X.
Parameters
----------
X : {array-like, sparse matrix} of shape (n_samples, n_features)
The input samples. Internally, it will be converted to
``dtype=np.float32`` and if a sparse matrix is provided
to a sparse ``csr_matrix``.
Returns
-------
proba : ndarray of shape (n_samples, n_classes) or list of n_outputs \
such arrays if n_outputs > 1
The class log-probabilities of the input samples. The order of the
classes corresponds to that in the attribute :term:`classes_`.
"""
proba = self.predict_proba(X)
if self.n_outputs_ == 1:
return np.log(proba)
else:
for k in range(self.n_outputs_):
proba[k] = np.log(proba[k])
return proba
class DecisionTreeRegressor(RegressorMixin, BaseDecisionTree):
"""A decision tree regressor.
Read more in the :ref:`User Guide <tree>`.
Parameters
----------
criterion : {"mse", "friedman_mse", "mae", "poisson"}, default="mse"
The function to measure the quality of a split. Supported criteria
are "mse" for the mean squared error, which is equal to variance
reduction as feature selection criterion and minimizes the L2 loss
using the mean of each terminal node, "friedman_mse", which uses mean
squared error with Friedman's improvement score for potential splits,
"mae" for the mean absolute error, which minimizes the L1 loss using
the median of each terminal node, and "poisson" which uses reduction in
Poisson deviance to find splits.
.. versionadded:: 0.18
Mean Absolute Error (MAE) criterion.
.. versionadded:: 0.24
Poisson deviance criterion.
splitter : {"best", "random"}, default="best"
The strategy used to choose the split at each node. Supported
strategies are "best" to choose the best split and "random" to choose
the best random split.
max_depth : int, default=None
The maximum depth of the tree. If None, then nodes are expanded until
all leaves are pure or until all leaves contain less than
min_samples_split samples.
min_samples_split : int or float, default=2
The minimum number of samples required to split an internal node:
- If int, then consider `min_samples_split` as the minimum number.
- If float, then `min_samples_split` is a fraction and
`ceil(min_samples_split * n_samples)` are the minimum
number of samples for each split.
.. versionchanged:: 0.18
Added float values for fractions.
min_samples_leaf : int or float, default=1
The minimum number of samples required to be at a leaf node.
A split point at any depth will only be considered if it leaves at
least ``min_samples_leaf`` training samples in each of the left and
right branches. This may have the effect of smoothing the model,
especially in regression.
- If int, then consider `min_samples_leaf` as the minimum number.
- If float, then `min_samples_leaf` is a fraction and
`ceil(min_samples_leaf * n_samples)` are the minimum
number of samples for each node.
.. versionchanged:: 0.18
Added float values for fractions.
min_weight_fraction_leaf : float, default=0.0
The minimum weighted fraction of the sum total of weights (of all
the input samples) required to be at a leaf node. Samples have
equal weight when sample_weight is not provided.
max_features : int, float or {"auto", "sqrt", "log2"}, default=None
The number of features to consider when looking for the best split:
- If int, then consider `max_features` features at each split.
- If float, then `max_features` is a fraction and
`int(max_features * n_features)` features are considered at each
split.
- If "auto", then `max_features=n_features`.
- If "sqrt", then `max_features=sqrt(n_features)`.
- If "log2", then `max_features=log2(n_features)`.
- If None, then `max_features=n_features`.
Note: the search for a split does not stop until at least one
valid partition of the node samples is found, even if it requires to
effectively inspect more than ``max_features`` features.
random_state : int, RandomState instance or None, default=None
Controls the randomness of the estimator. The features are always
randomly permuted at each split, even if ``splitter`` is set to
``"best"``. When ``max_features < n_features``, the algorithm will
select ``max_features`` at random at each split before finding the best
split among them. But the best found split may vary across different
runs, even if ``max_features=n_features``. That is the case, if the
improvement of the criterion is identical for several splits and one
split has to be selected at random. To obtain a deterministic behaviour
during fitting, ``random_state`` has to be fixed to an integer.
See :term:`Glossary <random_state>` for details.
max_leaf_nodes : int, default=None
Grow a tree with ``max_leaf_nodes`` in best-first fashion.
Best nodes are defined as relative reduction in impurity.
If None then unlimited number of leaf nodes.
min_impurity_decrease : float, default=0.0
A node will be split if this split induces a decrease of the impurity
greater than or equal to this value.
The weighted impurity decrease equation is the following::
N_t / N * (impurity - N_t_R / N_t * right_impurity
- N_t_L / N_t * left_impurity)
where ``N`` is the total number of samples, ``N_t`` is the number of
samples at the current node, ``N_t_L`` is the number of samples in the
left child, and ``N_t_R`` is the number of samples in the right child.
``N``, ``N_t``, ``N_t_R`` and ``N_t_L`` all refer to the weighted sum,
if ``sample_weight`` is passed.
.. versionadded:: 0.19
min_impurity_split : float, default=0
Threshold for early stopping in tree growth. A node will split
if its impurity is above the threshold, otherwise it is a leaf.
.. deprecated:: 0.19
``min_impurity_split`` has been deprecated in favor of
``min_impurity_decrease`` in 0.19. The default value of
``min_impurity_split`` has changed from 1e-7 to 0 in 0.23 and it
will be removed in 1.0 (renaming of 0.25).
Use ``min_impurity_decrease`` instead.
ccp_alpha : non-negative float, default=0.0
Complexity parameter used for Minimal Cost-Complexity Pruning. The
subtree with the largest cost complexity that is smaller than
``ccp_alpha`` will be chosen. By default, no pruning is performed. See
:ref:`minimal_cost_complexity_pruning` for details.
.. versionadded:: 0.22
Attributes
----------
feature_importances_ : ndarray of shape (n_features,)
The feature importances.
The higher, the more important the feature.
The importance of a feature is computed as the
(normalized) total reduction of the criterion brought
by that feature. It is also known as the Gini importance [4]_.
Warning: impurity-based feature importances can be misleading for
high cardinality features (many unique values). See
:func:`sklearn.inspection.permutation_importance` as an alternative.
max_features_ : int
The inferred value of max_features.
n_features_ : int
The number of features when ``fit`` is performed.
n_outputs_ : int
The number of outputs when ``fit`` is performed.
tree_ : Tree instance
The underlying Tree object. Please refer to
``help(sklearn.tree._tree.Tree)`` for attributes of Tree object and
:ref:`sphx_glr_auto_examples_tree_plot_unveil_tree_structure.py`
for basic usage of these attributes.
See Also
--------
DecisionTreeClassifier : A decision tree classifier.
Notes
-----
The default values for the parameters controlling the size of the trees
(e.g. ``max_depth``, ``min_samples_leaf``, etc.) lead to fully grown and
unpruned trees which can potentially be very large on some data sets. To
reduce memory consumption, the complexity and size of the trees should be
controlled by setting those parameter values.
References
----------
.. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_tree_learning
.. [2] L. Breiman, J. Friedman, R. Olshen, and C. Stone, "Classification
and Regression Trees", Wadsworth, Belmont, CA, 1984.
.. [3] T. Hastie, R. Tibshirani and J. Friedman. "Elements of Statistical
Learning", Springer, 2009.
.. [4] L. Breiman, and A. Cutler, "Random Forests",
https://www.stat.berkeley.edu/~breiman/RandomForests/cc_home.htm
Examples
--------
>>> from sklearn.datasets import load_diabetes
>>> from sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_score
>>> from sklearn.tree import DecisionTreeRegressor
>>> X, y = load_diabetes(return_X_y=True)
>>> regressor = DecisionTreeRegressor(random_state=0)
>>> cross_val_score(regressor, X, y, cv=10)
... # doctest: +SKIP
...
array([-0.39..., -0.46..., 0.02..., 0.06..., -0.50...,
0.16..., 0.11..., -0.73..., -0.30..., -0.00...])
"""
@_deprecate_positional_args
def __init__(self, *,
criterion="mse",
splitter="best",
max_depth=None,
min_samples_split=2,
min_samples_leaf=1,
min_weight_fraction_leaf=0.,
max_features=None,
random_state=None,
max_leaf_nodes=None,
min_impurity_decrease=0.,
min_impurity_split=None,
ccp_alpha=0.0):
super().__init__(
criterion=criterion,
splitter=splitter,
max_depth=max_depth,
min_samples_split=min_samples_split,
min_samples_leaf=min_samples_leaf,
min_weight_fraction_leaf=min_weight_fraction_leaf,
max_features=max_features,
max_leaf_nodes=max_leaf_nodes,
random_state=random_state,
min_impurity_decrease=min_impurity_decrease,
min_impurity_split=min_impurity_split,
ccp_alpha=ccp_alpha)
def fit(self, X, y, sample_weight=None, check_input=True,
X_idx_sorted="deprecated"):
"""Build a decision tree regressor from the training set (X, y).
Parameters
----------
X : {array-like, sparse matrix} of shape (n_samples, n_features)
The training input samples. Internally, it will be converted to
``dtype=np.float32`` and if a sparse matrix is provided
to a sparse ``csc_matrix``.
y : array-like of shape (n_samples,) or (n_samples, n_outputs)
The target values (real numbers). Use ``dtype=np.float64`` and
``order='C'`` for maximum efficiency.
sample_weight : array-like of shape (n_samples,), default=None
Sample weights. If None, then samples are equally weighted. Splits
that would create child nodes with net zero or negative weight are
ignored while searching for a split in each node.
check_input : bool, default=True
Allow to bypass several input checking.
Don't use this parameter unless you know what you do.
X_idx_sorted : deprecated, default="deprecated"
This parameter is deprecated and has no effect.
It will be removed in 1.1 (renaming of 0.26).
.. deprecated :: 0.24
Returns
-------
self : DecisionTreeRegressor
Fitted estimator.
"""
super().fit(
X, y,
sample_weight=sample_weight,
check_input=check_input,
X_idx_sorted=X_idx_sorted)
return self
def _compute_partial_dependence_recursion(self, grid, target_features):
"""Fast partial dependence computation.
Parameters
----------
grid : ndarray of shape (n_samples, n_target_features)
The grid points on which the partial dependence should be
evaluated.
target_features : ndarray of shape (n_target_features)
The set of target features for which the partial dependence
should be evaluated.
Returns
-------
averaged_predictions : ndarray of shape (n_samples,)
The value of the partial dependence function on each grid point.
"""
grid = np.asarray(grid, dtype=DTYPE, order='C')
averaged_predictions = np.zeros(shape=grid.shape[0],
dtype=np.float64, order='C')
self.tree_.compute_partial_dependence(
grid, target_features, averaged_predictions)
return averaged_predictions
class ExtraTreeClassifier(DecisionTreeClassifier):
"""An extremely randomized tree classifier.
Extra-trees differ from classic decision trees in the way they are built.
When looking for the best split to separate the samples of a node into two
groups, random splits are drawn for each of the `max_features` randomly
selected features and the best split among those is chosen. When
`max_features` is set 1, this amounts to building a totally random
decision tree.
Warning: Extra-trees should only be used within ensemble methods.
Read more in the :ref:`User Guide <tree>`.
Parameters
----------
criterion : {"gini", "entropy"}, default="gini"
The function to measure the quality of a split. Supported criteria are
"gini" for the Gini impurity and "entropy" for the information gain.
splitter : {"random", "best"}, default="random"
The strategy used to choose the split at each node. Supported
strategies are "best" to choose the best split and "random" to choose
the best random split.
max_depth : int, default=None
The maximum depth of the tree. If None, then nodes are expanded until
all leaves are pure or until all leaves contain less than
min_samples_split samples.
min_samples_split : int or float, default=2
The minimum number of samples required to split an internal node:
- If int, then consider `min_samples_split` as the minimum number.
- If float, then `min_samples_split` is a fraction and
`ceil(min_samples_split * n_samples)` are the minimum
number of samples for each split.
.. versionchanged:: 0.18
Added float values for fractions.
min_samples_leaf : int or float, default=1
The minimum number of samples required to be at a leaf node.
A split point at any depth will only be considered if it leaves at
least ``min_samples_leaf`` training samples in each of the left and
right branches. This may have the effect of smoothing the model,
especially in regression.
- If int, then consider `min_samples_leaf` as the minimum number.
- If float, then `min_samples_leaf` is a fraction and
`ceil(min_samples_leaf * n_samples)` are the minimum
number of samples for each node.
.. versionchanged:: 0.18
Added float values for fractions.
min_weight_fraction_leaf : float, default=0.0
The minimum weighted fraction of the sum total of weights (of all
the input samples) required to be at a leaf node. Samples have
equal weight when sample_weight is not provided.
max_features : int, float, {"auto", "sqrt", "log2"} or None, default="auto"
The number of features to consider when looking for the best split:
- If int, then consider `max_features` features at each split.
- If float, then `max_features` is a fraction and
`int(max_features * n_features)` features are considered at each
split.
- If "auto", then `max_features=sqrt(n_features)`.
- If "sqrt", then `max_features=sqrt(n_features)`.
- If "log2", then `max_features=log2(n_features)`.
- If None, then `max_features=n_features`.
Note: the search for a split does not stop until at least one
valid partition of the node samples is found, even if it requires to
effectively inspect more than ``max_features`` features.
random_state : int, RandomState instance or None, default=None
Used to pick randomly the `max_features` used at each split.
See :term:`Glossary <random_state>` for details.
max_leaf_nodes : int, default=None
Grow a tree with ``max_leaf_nodes`` in best-first fashion.
Best nodes are defined as relative reduction in impurity.
If None then unlimited number of leaf nodes.
min_impurity_decrease : float, default=0.0
A node will be split if this split induces a decrease of the impurity
greater than or equal to this value.
The weighted impurity decrease equation is the following::
N_t / N * (impurity - N_t_R / N_t * right_impurity
- N_t_L / N_t * left_impurity)
where ``N`` is the total number of samples, ``N_t`` is the number of
samples at the current node, ``N_t_L`` is the number of samples in the
left child, and ``N_t_R`` is the number of samples in the right child.
``N``, ``N_t``, ``N_t_R`` and ``N_t_L`` all refer to the weighted sum,
if ``sample_weight`` is passed.
.. versionadded:: 0.19
min_impurity_split : float, default=None
Threshold for early stopping in tree growth. A node will split
if its impurity is above the threshold, otherwise it is a leaf.
.. deprecated:: 0.19
``min_impurity_split`` has been deprecated in favor of
``min_impurity_decrease`` in 0.19. The default value of
``min_impurity_split`` has changed from 1e-7 to 0 in 0.23 and it
will be removed in 1.0 (renaming of 0.25).
Use ``min_impurity_decrease`` instead.
class_weight : dict, list of dict or "balanced", default=None
Weights associated with classes in the form ``{class_label: weight}``.
If None, all classes are supposed to have weight one. For
multi-output problems, a list of dicts can be provided in the same
order as the columns of y.
Note that for multioutput (including multilabel) weights should be
defined for each class of every column in its own dict. For example,
for four-class multilabel classification weights should be
[{0: 1, 1: 1}, {0: 1, 1: 5}, {0: 1, 1: 1}, {0: 1, 1: 1}] instead of
[{1:1}, {2:5}, {3:1}, {4:1}].
The "balanced" mode uses the values of y to automatically adjust
weights inversely proportional to class frequencies in the input data
as ``n_samples / (n_classes * np.bincount(y))``
For multi-output, the weights of each column of y will be multiplied.
Note that these weights will be multiplied with sample_weight (passed
through the fit method) if sample_weight is specified.
ccp_alpha : non-negative float, default=0.0
Complexity parameter used for Minimal Cost-Complexity Pruning. The
subtree with the largest cost complexity that is smaller than
``ccp_alpha`` will be chosen. By default, no pruning is performed. See
:ref:`minimal_cost_complexity_pruning` for details.
.. versionadded:: 0.22
Attributes
----------
classes_ : ndarray of shape (n_classes,) or list of ndarray
The classes labels (single output problem),
or a list of arrays of class labels (multi-output problem).
max_features_ : int
The inferred value of max_features.
n_classes_ : int or list of int
The number of classes (for single output problems),
or a list containing the number of classes for each
output (for multi-output problems).
feature_importances_ : ndarray of shape (n_features,)
The impurity-based feature importances.
The higher, the more important the feature.
The importance of a feature is computed as the (normalized)
total reduction of the criterion brought by that feature. It is also
known as the Gini importance.
Warning: impurity-based feature importances can be misleading for
high cardinality features (many unique values). See
:func:`sklearn.inspection.permutation_importance` as an alternative.
n_features_ : int
The number of features when ``fit`` is performed.
n_outputs_ : int
The number of outputs when ``fit`` is performed.
tree_ : Tree instance
The underlying Tree object. Please refer to
``help(sklearn.tree._tree.Tree)`` for attributes of Tree object and
:ref:`sphx_glr_auto_examples_tree_plot_unveil_tree_structure.py`
for basic usage of these attributes.
See Also
--------
ExtraTreeRegressor : An extremely randomized tree regressor.
sklearn.ensemble.ExtraTreesClassifier : An extra-trees classifier.
sklearn.ensemble.ExtraTreesRegressor : An extra-trees regressor.
Notes
-----
The default values for the parameters controlling the size of the trees
(e.g. ``max_depth``, ``min_samples_leaf``, etc.) lead to fully grown and
unpruned trees which can potentially be very large on some data sets. To
reduce memory consumption, the complexity and size of the trees should be
controlled by setting those parameter values.
References
----------
.. [1] P. Geurts, D. Ernst., and L. Wehenkel, "Extremely randomized trees",
Machine Learning, 63(1), 3-42, 2006.
Examples
--------
>>> from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
>>> from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
>>> from sklearn.ensemble import BaggingClassifier
>>> from sklearn.tree import ExtraTreeClassifier
>>> X, y = load_iris(return_X_y=True)
>>> X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(
... X, y, random_state=0)
>>> extra_tree = ExtraTreeClassifier(random_state=0)
>>> cls = BaggingClassifier(extra_tree, random_state=0).fit(
... X_train, y_train)
>>> cls.score(X_test, y_test)
0.8947...
"""
@_deprecate_positional_args
def __init__(self, *,
criterion="gini",
splitter="random",
max_depth=None,
min_samples_split=2,
min_samples_leaf=1,
min_weight_fraction_leaf=0.,
max_features="auto",
random_state=None,
max_leaf_nodes=None,
min_impurity_decrease=0.,
min_impurity_split=None,
class_weight=None,
ccp_alpha=0.0):
super().__init__(
criterion=criterion,
splitter=splitter,
max_depth=max_depth,
min_samples_split=min_samples_split,
min_samples_leaf=min_samples_leaf,
min_weight_fraction_leaf=min_weight_fraction_leaf,
max_features=max_features,
max_leaf_nodes=max_leaf_nodes,
class_weight=class_weight,
min_impurity_decrease=min_impurity_decrease,
min_impurity_split=min_impurity_split,
random_state=random_state,
ccp_alpha=ccp_alpha)
class ExtraTreeRegressor(DecisionTreeRegressor):
"""An extremely randomized tree regressor.
Extra-trees differ from classic decision trees in the way they are built.
When looking for the best split to separate the samples of a node into two
groups, random splits are drawn for each of the `max_features` randomly
selected features and the best split among those is chosen. When
`max_features` is set 1, this amounts to building a totally random
decision tree.
Warning: Extra-trees should only be used within ensemble methods.
Read more in the :ref:`User Guide <tree>`.
Parameters
----------
criterion : {"mse", "friedman_mse", "mae"}, default="mse"
The function to measure the quality of a split. Supported criteria
are "mse" for the mean squared error, which is equal to variance
reduction as feature selection criterion and "mae" for the mean
absolute error.
.. versionadded:: 0.18
Mean Absolute Error (MAE) criterion.
.. versionadded:: 0.24
Poisson deviance criterion.
splitter : {"random", "best"}, default="random"
The strategy used to choose the split at each node. Supported
strategies are "best" to choose the best split and "random" to choose
the best random split.
max_depth : int, default=None
The maximum depth of the tree. If None, then nodes are expanded until
all leaves are pure or until all leaves contain less than
min_samples_split samples.
min_samples_split : int or float, default=2
The minimum number of samples required to split an internal node:
- If int, then consider `min_samples_split` as the minimum number.
- If float, then `min_samples_split` is a fraction and
`ceil(min_samples_split * n_samples)` are the minimum
number of samples for each split.
.. versionchanged:: 0.18
Added float values for fractions.
min_samples_leaf : int or float, default=1
The minimum number of samples required to be at a leaf node.
A split point at any depth will only be considered if it leaves at
least ``min_samples_leaf`` training samples in each of the left and
right branches. This may have the effect of smoothing the model,
especially in regression.
- If int, then consider `min_samples_leaf` as the minimum number.
- If float, then `min_samples_leaf` is a fraction and
`ceil(min_samples_leaf * n_samples)` are the minimum
number of samples for each node.
.. versionchanged:: 0.18
Added float values for fractions.
min_weight_fraction_leaf : float, default=0.0
The minimum weighted fraction of the sum total of weights (of all
the input samples) required to be at a leaf node. Samples have
equal weight when sample_weight is not provided.
max_features : int, float, {"auto", "sqrt", "log2"} or None, default="auto"
The number of features to consider when looking for the best split:
- If int, then consider `max_features` features at each split.
- If float, then `max_features` is a fraction and
`int(max_features * n_features)` features are considered at each
split.
- If "auto", then `max_features=n_features`.
- If "sqrt", then `max_features=sqrt(n_features)`.
- If "log2", then `max_features=log2(n_features)`.
- If None, then `max_features=n_features`.
Note: the search for a split does not stop until at least one
valid partition of the node samples is found, even if it requires to
effectively inspect more than ``max_features`` features.
random_state : int, RandomState instance or None, default=None
Used to pick randomly the `max_features` used at each split.
See :term:`Glossary <random_state>` for details.
min_impurity_decrease : float, default=0.0
A node will be split if this split induces a decrease of the impurity
greater than or equal to this value.
The weighted impurity decrease equation is the following::
N_t / N * (impurity - N_t_R / N_t * right_impurity
- N_t_L / N_t * left_impurity)
where ``N`` is the total number of samples, ``N_t`` is the number of
samples at the current node, ``N_t_L`` is the number of samples in the
left child, and ``N_t_R`` is the number of samples in the right child.
``N``, ``N_t``, ``N_t_R`` and ``N_t_L`` all refer to the weighted sum,
if ``sample_weight`` is passed.
.. versionadded:: 0.19
min_impurity_split : float, default=None
Threshold for early stopping in tree growth. A node will split
if its impurity is above the threshold, otherwise it is a leaf.
.. deprecated:: 0.19
``min_impurity_split`` has been deprecated in favor of
``min_impurity_decrease`` in 0.19. The default value of
``min_impurity_split`` has changed from 1e-7 to 0 in 0.23 and it
will be removed in 1.0 (renaming of 0.25).
Use ``min_impurity_decrease`` instead.
max_leaf_nodes : int, default=None
Grow a tree with ``max_leaf_nodes`` in best-first fashion.
Best nodes are defined as relative reduction in impurity.
If None then unlimited number of leaf nodes.
ccp_alpha : non-negative float, default=0.0
Complexity parameter used for Minimal Cost-Complexity Pruning. The
subtree with the largest cost complexity that is smaller than
``ccp_alpha`` will be chosen. By default, no pruning is performed. See
:ref:`minimal_cost_complexity_pruning` for details.
.. versionadded:: 0.22
Attributes
----------
max_features_ : int
The inferred value of max_features.
n_features_ : int
The number of features when ``fit`` is performed.
feature_importances_ : ndarray of shape (n_features,)
Return impurity-based feature importances (the higher, the more
important the feature).
Warning: impurity-based feature importances can be misleading for
high cardinality features (many unique values). See
:func:`sklearn.inspection.permutation_importance` as an alternative.
n_outputs_ : int
The number of outputs when ``fit`` is performed.
tree_ : Tree instance
The underlying Tree object. Please refer to
``help(sklearn.tree._tree.Tree)`` for attributes of Tree object and
:ref:`sphx_glr_auto_examples_tree_plot_unveil_tree_structure.py`
for basic usage of these attributes.
See Also
--------
ExtraTreeClassifier : An extremely randomized tree classifier.
sklearn.ensemble.ExtraTreesClassifier : An extra-trees classifier.
sklearn.ensemble.ExtraTreesRegressor : An extra-trees regressor.
Notes
-----
The default values for the parameters controlling the size of the trees
(e.g. ``max_depth``, ``min_samples_leaf``, etc.) lead to fully grown and
unpruned trees which can potentially be very large on some data sets. To
reduce memory consumption, the complexity and size of the trees should be
controlled by setting those parameter values.
References
----------
.. [1] P. Geurts, D. Ernst., and L. Wehenkel, "Extremely randomized trees",
Machine Learning, 63(1), 3-42, 2006.
Examples
--------
>>> from sklearn.datasets import load_diabetes
>>> from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
>>> from sklearn.ensemble import BaggingRegressor
>>> from sklearn.tree import ExtraTreeRegressor
>>> X, y = load_diabetes(return_X_y=True)
>>> X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(
... X, y, random_state=0)
>>> extra_tree = ExtraTreeRegressor(random_state=0)
>>> reg = BaggingRegressor(extra_tree, random_state=0).fit(
... X_train, y_train)
>>> reg.score(X_test, y_test)
0.33...
"""
@_deprecate_positional_args
def __init__(self, *,
criterion="mse",
splitter="random",
max_depth=None,
min_samples_split=2,
min_samples_leaf=1,
min_weight_fraction_leaf=0.,
max_features="auto",
random_state=None,
min_impurity_decrease=0.,
min_impurity_split=None,
max_leaf_nodes=None,
ccp_alpha=0.0):
super().__init__(
criterion=criterion,
splitter=splitter,
max_depth=max_depth,
min_samples_split=min_samples_split,
min_samples_leaf=min_samples_leaf,
min_weight_fraction_leaf=min_weight_fraction_leaf,
max_features=max_features,
max_leaf_nodes=max_leaf_nodes,
min_impurity_decrease=min_impurity_decrease,
min_impurity_split=min_impurity_split,
random_state=random_state,
ccp_alpha=ccp_alpha)
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