725 lines
18 KiB
Groff
725 lines
18 KiB
Groff
.TH TTY 4
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.SH NAME
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tty, termios \- terminals
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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The
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.B tty
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driver family takes care of all user input and output. It governs the
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keyboard, the console, the serial lines, and pseudo ttys. Input on any of
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these devices undergoes "input processing", and output undergoes "output
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processing" according to the standard termios terminal interface.
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.SS "Input processing"
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Each terminal device has an input queue. This queue is used to store
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preprocessed input characters, and to perform the backspacing and erase
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functions. Some special characters like a newline make the contents of the
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queue available to a process reading from the terminal. Characters up to
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and including the newline, or another so-called "line break", may be read by
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a process. The process need not read all characters at once. An input line
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may be read byte by byte if one wants to. A line break just makes
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characters available for reading, thats all.
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.PP
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When data is made available depends on whether the tty is in canonical mode
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or not. In canonical mode the terminal processes input line by line. A
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line ends with a newline
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.RB ( NL ),
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end-of-file
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.RB ( EOF ),
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or end-of-line
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.RB ( EOL ).
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Characters that have not been delimited by such a line break may be erased
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one by one with the
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.B ERASE
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character or all at once with the
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.B KILL
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character. Once a line break is typed the characters become available to a
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reading process and can no longer be erased. Once read they are removed
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from the input queue. Several lines may be gathered in the input queue if
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no reader is present to read them, but a new reader will only receive one
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line. Two line breaks are never returned in one read call. The input queue
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has a maximum length of
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.B MAX_CANON
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characters. Any more characters are discarded. One must use
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.B ERASE
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or
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.B KILL
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to make the terminal functioning again if the input queue fills up. If
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nonblocking I/O is set then \-1 is returned with
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.B errno
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set to
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.B EAGAIN
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if the reader would otherwise be blocked.
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.PP
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In non-canonical mode (raw mode for short) all characters are immediately
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available to the reader in principle. One may however tune the terminal to
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bursty input with the
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.B MIN
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and
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.B TIME
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parameters, see the raw I/O parameters section below. In raw mode no
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characters are discarded if the input queue threatens to overflow if the
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device supports flow control.
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.SS "Output processing"
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Characters written to a terminal device may undergo output processing, which
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is usually just inserting a carriage returns before newlines. A writer
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may return before all characters are output if the characters can be stored
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in the output buffers. If not then the writer may be blocked until space is
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available. If non-blocking I/O is set then only the count of the number of
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bytes that can be processed immediately is returned. If no characters can
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be written at all then \-1 is returned with
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.B errno
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set to
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.BR EAGAIN .
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.SS "Special characters"
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Some characters have special functions in some of the terminal modes. These
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characters are as follows, with the MINIX 3 defaults shown in parentheses:
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.TP 5
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.BR INTR " (^?)"
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Special input character that is recognized if
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.B ISIG
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is set. (For
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.B ISIG
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and other flags see the various modes sections below.) It causes a
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.B SIGINT
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signal to be sent to all processes in the terminal process group. (See the
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section on session leaders below.)
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.TP
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.BR QUIT " (^\e)"
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Special input character if
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.B ISIG
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is set. Causes a
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.B SIGQUIT
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signal to be sent to the terminal process group.
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.TP
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.BR ERASE " (^H)"
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Special input character if
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.B ICANON
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is set. Erases the last character in the current line.
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.TP
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.BR KILL " (^U)"
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Special input character if
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.B ICANON
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is set. Erases the entire line.
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.TP
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.BR EOF " (^D)"
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Special input character if
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.B ICANON
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is set. It is a line break character that is not itself returned to a
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reader. If EOF is typed with no input present then the read returns zero,
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which normally causes the reader to assume that end-of-file is reached.
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.TP
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.BR CR " (^M)"
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Special input character if
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.B IGNCR
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or
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.B ICRNL
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is set. It is a carriage return ('\er'). If
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.B IGNCR
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is set then
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.B CR
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is discarded. If
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.B ICRNL
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is set and
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.B IGNCR
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is not set then
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.B CR
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is changed into an
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.B NL
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and has the same function as
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.BR NL.
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.TP
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.BR NL " (^J)"
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Special input character if
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.B ICANON
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is set. It is both a newline ('\en') and a line break.
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.br
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Special output character if
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.B OPOST
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and
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.B ONLCR
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are set. A
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.B CR NL
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sequence is output instead of just
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.BR NL .
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(MINIX 3 specific, but almost mandatory on any UNIX-like system.)
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.TP
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.BR TAB " (^I)"
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Special character on output if
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.B OPOST
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and
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.B XTABS
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are set. It is transformed into the number of spaces necessary to reach a
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column position that is a multiple of eight. (Only needed for terminals
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without hardware tabs.)
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.TP
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.BR EOL " (undefined)"
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Special input character if
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.B ICANON
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is set. It is an additional line break.
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.TP
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.BR SUSP " (^Z)"
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Special input character if job control is implemented and
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.B ISIG
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is set. It causes a
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.B SIGTSTP
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signal to be send to the terminal process group. (MINIX 3 does not have job
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control.)
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.TP
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.BR STOP " (^S)"
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Special input character if
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.B IXON
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is set. It suspends terminal output and is then discarded.
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.TP
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.BR START " (^Q)"
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Special output character if
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.B IXON
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is set. It starts terminal output if suspended and is then discarded. If
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.B IXANY
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is also set then any other character also starts terminal output, but they
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are not discarded.
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.TP
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.BR REPRINT " (^R)"
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Special input character if
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.B IEXTEN
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and
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.B ECHO
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are set. Reprints the input queue from the last line break onwards. A
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reprint also happens automatically if the echoed input has been messed up by
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other output and
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.B ERASE
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is typed.
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.TP
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.BR LNEXT " (^V)"
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Special input character if
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.B IEXTEN
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is set. It is the "literal next" character that causes the next character
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to be input without any special processing.
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.TP
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.BR DISCARD " (^O)"
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Special input character if
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.B IEXTEN
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is set. Causes output to be discarded until it is typed again. (Implemented
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only under Minix-vmd.)
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.PP
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All of these characters except
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.BR CR ,
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.B NL
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and
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.B TAB
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may be changed or disabled under MINIX 3. (Changes to
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.B START
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and
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.B STOP
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may be ignored under other termios implementations.) The
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.B REPRINT
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and
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.B LNEXT
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characters are MINIX 3 extensions that are commonly present in other
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implementations. \s-2POSIX\s+2 is unclear on whether
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.BR IEXTEN,
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.BR IGNCR
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and
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.BR ICRNL
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should be active in non-canonical mode, but under MINIX 3 they are.
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.SS "Terminal attributes"
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The attributes of a terminal, such as whether the mode should be canonical or
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non-canonical, are controlled by routines that use the
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.B termios
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structure as defined in
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.BR <termios.h> :
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.PP
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.RS
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.nf
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.ta +4n +10n +15n
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struct termios {
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tcflag_t c_iflag; /* input modes */
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tcflag_t c_oflag; /* output modes */
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tcflag_t c_cflag; /* control modes */
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tcflag_t c_lflag; /* local modes */
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speed_t c_ispeed; /* input speed */
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speed_t c_ospeed; /* output speed */
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cc_t c_cc[NCCS]; /* control characters */
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};
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.fi
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.RE
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.PP
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The types
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.BR tcflag ,
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.B speed_t
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and
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.B cc_t
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are defined in
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.B <termios.h>
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as unsigned integral types.
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.SS "Input Modes"
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The
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.B c_iflag
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field contains the following single bit flags that control input processing:
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.TP 5
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.B ICRNL
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Map
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.B CR
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to
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.B NL
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on input.
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.TP
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.B IGNCR
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Ignore
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.B CR
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on input. This flag overrides
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.BR ICRNL .
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.TP
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.B INLCR
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Map
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.B NL
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to
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.B CR
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on input. This is done after the
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.B IGNCR
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check.
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.TP
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.B IXON
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Enable start/stop output control.
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.TP
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.B IXOFF
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Enable start/stop input control. (Not implemented.)
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.TP
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.B IXANY
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Allow any character to restart output. (MINIX 3 specific.)
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.TP
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.B ISTRIP
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Strip characters to seven bits.
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.TP
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.B IGNPAR
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Ignore characters with parity errors. (Not implemented.)
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.TP
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.B INPCK
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Enable input parity checking. (Not implemented.)
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.TP
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.B PARMRK
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Mark parity errors by preceding the faulty character with '\e377', '\e0'.
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The character '\e377' is preceded by another '\e377' to avoid ambiguity.
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(Not implemented.)
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.TP
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.B BRKINT
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Send the signal
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.B SIGINT
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to the terminal process group when receiving a break condition. (Not
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implemented.)
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.TP
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.B IGNBRK
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Ignore break condition. If neither
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.B BRKINT
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or
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.B IGNBRK
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is set a break is input as a single '\e0', or if
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.B PARMRK
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is set as '\e377', '\e0', '\e0'.
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(Breaks are always ignored.)
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.SS "Output Modes"
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The
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.B c_oflag
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field contains the following single bit flags that control output processing:
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.TP
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.B OPOST
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Perform output processing. This flag is the "main switch" on output
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processing. All other flags are MINIX 3 specific.
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.TP
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.B ONLCR
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Transform an
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.B NL
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to a
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.B CR NL
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sequence on output. Note that a key labeled "RETURN" or "ENTER" usually
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sends a
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.BR CR .
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In line oriented mode this is normally transformed into
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.B NL
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by
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.BR ICRNL .
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.B NL
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is the normal UNIX line delimiter ('\en'). On output an
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.B NL
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is transformed into the
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.B CR NL
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sequence that is necessary to reach the first column of the next line.
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(This is a common output processing function for UNIX-like systems, but not
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always separately switchable by an
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.B ONLCR
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flag.)
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.TP
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.B XTABS
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Transform a
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.B TAB
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into the number of spaces necessary to reach a column position that is a
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multiple of eight.
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.TP
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.B ONOEOT
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Discard
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.B EOT
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(^D) characters. (Minix-vmd only.)
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.SS "Control Modes"
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The
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.B c_cflag
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field contains the following single bit flags and bit field for basic
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hardware control:
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.TP
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.B CLOCAL
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Ignore modem status lines.
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.TP
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.B CREAD
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Enable receiver. (The receiver is always enabled.)
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.TP
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.B CSIZE
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Number of bits per byte.
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.B CSIZE
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masks off the values
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.BR CS5 ,
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.BR CS6 ,
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.BR CS7
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and
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.BR CS8
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that indicate that 5, 6, 7 or 8 bits are used.
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.TP
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.B CSTOPB
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Send two stop bits instead of one. Two stop bits are normally used at 110
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baud or less.
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.TP
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.B PARENB
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Enable parity generation.
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.TP
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.B PARODD
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Generate odd parity if parity is generated, otherwise even parity.
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.TP
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.B HUPCL
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Drop the modem control lines on the last close of the terminal line. (Not
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implemented.)
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.SS "Local Modes"
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The
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.B c_lflag
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field contains the following single bit flags that control various functions:
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.TP
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.B ECHO
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Enable echoing of input characters. Most input characters are echoed as
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they are. Control characters are echoed as
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.BI "^" X
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where
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.I X
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is the letter used to say that the control character is
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.BI CTRL\- X\fR.
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The
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.BR CR ,
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.BR NL
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and
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.BR TAB
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characters are echoed with their normal effect unless they are escaped by
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.BR LNEXT .
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.TP
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.B ECHOE
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If
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.B ICANON
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and
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.B ECHO
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are set then echo
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.B ERASE
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and
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.B KILL
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as one or more backspace-space-backspace sequences to wipe out the last
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character or the entire line, otherwise they are echoed as they are.
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.TP
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.B ECHOK
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If
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.B ICANON
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and
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.B ECHO
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are set and
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.B ECHOE
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is not set then output an
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.B NL
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after the
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.B KILL
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character. (For hardcopy terminals it is best to unset
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.B ECHOE
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and to set
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.BR ECHOK .)
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.TP
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.B ECHONL
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Echo
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.B NL
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even if
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.B ECHO
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is not set, but
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.B ICANON
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is set.
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.TP
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.B ICANON
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Canonical input. This enables line oriented input and erase and kill
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processing.
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.TP
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.B IEXTEN
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Enable implementation defined input extensions.
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.TP
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.B ISIG
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Enable the signal characters
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.BR INTR ,
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.BR QUIT
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and
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.BR SUSP .
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.TP
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.B NOFLSH
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Disable the flushing of the input and output queues that is normally done if
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a signal is sent.
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.TP
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.B TOSTOP
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Send a
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.B SIGTTOU
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signal if job control is implemented and a background process tries to
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write. (MINIX 3 has no job control.)
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.SS "Input and output speed"
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The input and output speed are encoded into the
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.B c_ispeed
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and
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.B c_ospeed
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fields.
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.B <termios.h>
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defines the symbols
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.BR B0 ,
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.BR B50 ,
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.BR B75 ,
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.BR B110 ,
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.BR B134 ,
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.BR B150 ,
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.BR B200 ,
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.BR B300 ,
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.BR B600 ,
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.BR B1200 ,
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.BR B1800 ,
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.BR B2400 ,
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.BR B4800 ,
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.BR B9600 ,
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.BR B19200 ,
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.BR B38400 ,
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.BR B57600
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and
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.BR B115200
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as values used to indicate the given baud rates. The zero baud rate,
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.BR B0 ,
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if used for the input speed causes the input speed to be equal to the
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output speed. Setting the output speed to zero hangs up the line. One
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should use the functions
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.BR cfgetispeed() ,
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.BR cfgetospeed() ,
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.BR cfsetispeed()
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and
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.BR cfsetospeed()
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to get or set a speed, because the
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.B c_ispeed
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and
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.B c_ospeed
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fields may not be visible under other implementations. (The
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.B c_ispeed
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and
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.B c_ospeed
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fields and the
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.B B57600
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and
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.B B115200
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symbols are MINIX 3 specific.)
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.SS "Special characters"
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The
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.B c_cc
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array contains the special characters that can be modified. The array has
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length
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.B NCCS
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and is subscripted by the symbols
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.BR VEOF ,
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.BR VEOL ,
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.BR VERASE ,
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.BR VINTR ,
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.BR VKILL ,
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.BR VMIN ,
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.BR VQUIT ,
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.BR VTIME ,
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.BR VSUSP ,
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.BR VSTART ,
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.BR VSTOP ,
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.BR VREPRINT ,
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.BR VLNEXT
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and
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.BR VDISCARD .
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All these symbols are defined in
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.BR <termios.h> .
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Some implementations may give the same values to the
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.B VMIN
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and
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.B VTIME
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subscripts and the
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.B VEOF
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and
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.B VEOL
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subscripts respectively, and may ignore changes to
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.B START
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and
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.BR STOP .
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(Under MINIX 3 all special characters have their own
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.I c_cc
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slot and can all be modified.)
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.SS "Raw I/O Parameters"
|
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The
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.B MIN
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and
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.B TIME
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|
parameters can be used to adjust a raw connection to bursty input.
|
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.B MIN
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|
represents a minimum number of bytes that must be received before a read
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call returns.
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.B TIME
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|
is a timer of 0.1 second granularity that can be used to time out a read.
|
|
Setting either of these parameters to zero has special meaning, which leads
|
|
to the following four possibilities:
|
|
.TP 5
|
|
.B "MIN > 0, TIME > 0"
|
|
.B TIME
|
|
is an inter-byte timer that is started (and restarted) when a byte is
|
|
received. A read succeeds when either the minimum number of characters
|
|
is received or the timer expires. Note that the timer starts
|
|
.B after
|
|
the first character, so the read returns at least one byte.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.B "MIN > 0, TIME = 0"
|
|
Now the timer is disabled, and a reader blocks indefinitely until at least
|
|
.B MIN
|
|
characters are received.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.B "MIN = 0, TIME > 0"
|
|
.B TIME
|
|
is now a read timer that is started when a read is executed. The read will
|
|
return if the read timer expires or if at least one byte is input. (Note
|
|
that a value of zero may be returned to the reader.)
|
|
.TP
|
|
.B "MIN = 0, TIME = 0"
|
|
The bytes currently available are returned. Zero is returned if no bytes
|
|
are available.
|
|
.SS "User Level Functions"
|
|
Termios attributes are set or examined, and special functions can be
|
|
performed by using the functions described in
|
|
.BR termios (3).
|
|
.SS "Session Leaders and Process Groups"
|
|
With the use of the
|
|
.B setsid()
|
|
function can a process become a session leader. A session leader forms a
|
|
process group with a process group id equal to the process id of the session
|
|
leader. If a session leader opens a terminal device file then this terminal
|
|
becomes the controlling tty of the session leader. Unless the terminal is
|
|
already the controlling tty of another process, or unless the
|
|
.B O_NOCTTY
|
|
flag is used to prevent the allocation of a controlling tty. The process
|
|
group of the session leader is now remembered as the terminal process group
|
|
for signals sent by the terminal driver. All the children and grandchildren
|
|
of the session leader inherit the controlling terminal and process group
|
|
until they themselves use
|
|
.BR setsid() .
|
|
.PP
|
|
The controlling tty becomes inaccessible to the children of the session
|
|
leader when the session leader exits, and a hangup signal is sent to all
|
|
the members of the process group. The input and output queues are flushed
|
|
on the last close of a terminal and all attributes are reset to the default
|
|
state.
|
|
.PP
|
|
A special device
|
|
.B /dev/tty
|
|
is a synonym for the controlling tty of a process. It allows a process to
|
|
reach the terminal even when standard input, output and error are
|
|
redirected. Opening this device can also be used as a test to see if a
|
|
process has a controlling tty or not.
|
|
.PP
|
|
For MINIX 3 a special write-only device
|
|
.B /dev/log
|
|
exists for processes that want to write messages to the system console.
|
|
Unlike the console this device is still accessible when a session leader
|
|
exits.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Minix-vmd also has a
|
|
.B /dev/log
|
|
device, but this device is read-write. All messages written to the log
|
|
device or to the console when X11 is active can be read from
|
|
.BR /dev/log .
|
|
The system tries to preserve the log buffer over a reboot so that panic
|
|
messages reappear in the log if the system happens to crash.
|
|
.SS "Pseudo Terminals"
|
|
Pseudo ttys allow a process such as a remote login daemon to set up a
|
|
terminal for a remote login session. The login session uses a device like
|
|
.B /dev/ttyp0
|
|
for input and output, and the remote login daemon uses the device
|
|
.B /dev/ptyp0
|
|
to supply input to or take output from the login session and transfer this
|
|
to or from the originating system. So the character flow may be: Local
|
|
user input sent to the remote system is written to
|
|
.B /dev/ptyp0
|
|
by the remote login daemon, undergoes input processing and appears on
|
|
.B /dev/ttyp0
|
|
as input to the login session. Output from the login session to
|
|
.B /dev/ttyp0
|
|
undergoes output processing, is read from
|
|
.B /dev/ptyp0
|
|
by the remote login daemon and is send over to the local system to be
|
|
displayed for the user. (So there are only four data streams to worry about
|
|
in a pseudo terminal.)
|
|
.PP
|
|
A pseudo terminal can be allocated by trying to open all the controlling
|
|
devices
|
|
.BI /dev/pty nn
|
|
one by one until it succeeds. Further opens will fail once a pty is open.
|
|
The process should now fork, the child should become session leader, open
|
|
the tty side of the pty and start a login session.
|
|
.PP
|
|
If the tty side is eventually closed down then reads from the pty side will
|
|
return zero and writes return \-1 with
|
|
.B errno
|
|
set to
|
|
.BR EIO .
|
|
If the pty side is closed first then a
|
|
.B SIGHUP
|
|
signal is sent to the session leader and further reads from the tty side
|
|
return zero and writes return \-1 with
|
|
.B errno
|
|
set to
|
|
.BR EIO .
|
|
(Special note: A line erase may cause up to three times the size of the
|
|
tty input queue to be sent to the pty reader as backspace overstrikes. Some
|
|
of this output may get lost if the pty reader cannot accept it all at once
|
|
in a single read call.)
|
|
.SH FILES
|
|
The list below shows all devices that MINIX 3 and Minix-vmd have. Not all of
|
|
these devices are configured in by default, as indicated by the numbers
|
|
(i/j/k, l/m/n) that tell the minimum, default and maximum possible number of
|
|
these devices for MINIX 3 (i/j/k) and Minix-vmd (l/m/n).
|
|
.TP 20
|
|
.B /dev/console
|
|
System console.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.B /dev/ttyc[1-7]
|
|
Virtual consoles. (0/1/7, 0/1/7)
|
|
.TP
|
|
.BR /dev/log
|
|
Console log device.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.B /dev/tty0[0-3]
|
|
Serial lines. (0/2/2, 4/4/4)
|
|
.TP
|
|
.B /dev/tty[p-w][0-f]
|
|
Pseudo ttys. (0/0/64, 1/32/128)
|
|
.TP
|
|
.B /dev/pty[p-w][0-f]
|
|
Associated pseudo tty controllers.
|
|
.SH "SEE ALSO"
|
|
.BR stty (1),
|
|
.BR termios (3),
|
|
.BR setsid (2),
|
|
.BR read (2),
|
|
.BR write (2).
|
|
.SH BUGS
|
|
A fair number of flags are not implemented under MINIX 3 (yet). Luckily they
|
|
are very limited utility and only apply to RS-232, not to the user interface.
|
|
.SH AUTHOR
|
|
Kees J. Bot (kjb@cs.vu.nl)
|