1220 lines
46 KiB
Python
1220 lines
46 KiB
Python
"""
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Support for plotting vector fields.
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Presently this contains Quiver and Barb. Quiver plots an arrow in the
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direction of the vector, with the size of the arrow related to the
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magnitude of the vector.
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Barbs are like quiver in that they point along a vector, but
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the magnitude of the vector is given schematically by the presence of barbs
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or flags on the barb.
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This will also become a home for things such as standard
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deviation ellipses, which can and will be derived very easily from
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the Quiver code.
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"""
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import math
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import weakref
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import numpy as np
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from numpy import ma
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from matplotlib import cbook, docstring, font_manager
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import matplotlib.artist as martist
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import matplotlib.collections as mcollections
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from matplotlib.patches import CirclePolygon
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import matplotlib.text as mtext
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import matplotlib.transforms as transforms
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_quiver_doc = """
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Plot a 2D field of arrows.
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Call signature::
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quiver([X, Y], U, V, [C], **kw)
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*X*, *Y* define the arrow locations, *U*, *V* define the arrow directions, and
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*C* optionally sets the color.
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**Arrow size**
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The default settings auto-scales the length of the arrows to a reasonable size.
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To change this behavior see the *scale* and *scale_units* parameters.
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**Arrow shape**
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The defaults give a slightly swept-back arrow; to make the head a
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triangle, make *headaxislength* the same as *headlength*. To make the
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arrow more pointed, reduce *headwidth* or increase *headlength* and
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*headaxislength*. To make the head smaller relative to the shaft,
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scale down all the head parameters. You will probably do best to leave
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minshaft alone.
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**Arrow outline**
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*linewidths* and *edgecolors* can be used to customize the arrow
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outlines.
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Parameters
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----------
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X, Y : 1D or 2D array-like, optional
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The x and y coordinates of the arrow locations.
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If not given, they will be generated as a uniform integer meshgrid based
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on the dimensions of *U* and *V*.
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If *X* and *Y* are 1D but *U*, *V* are 2D, *X*, *Y* are expanded to 2D
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using ``X, Y = np.meshgrid(X, Y)``. In this case ``len(X)`` and ``len(Y)``
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must match the column and row dimensions of *U* and *V*.
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U, V : 1D or 2D array-like
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The x and y direction components of the arrow vectors.
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They must have the same number of elements, matching the number of arrow
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locations. *U* and *V* may be masked. Only locations unmasked in
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*U*, *V*, and *C* will be drawn.
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C : 1D or 2D array-like, optional
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Numeric data that defines the arrow colors by colormapping via *norm* and
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*cmap*.
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This does not support explicit colors. If you want to set colors directly,
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use *color* instead. The size of *C* must match the number of arrow
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locations.
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units : {'width', 'height', 'dots', 'inches', 'x', 'y' 'xy'}, default: 'width'
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The arrow dimensions (except for *length*) are measured in multiples of
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this unit.
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The following values are supported:
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- 'width', 'height': The width or height of the axis.
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- 'dots', 'inches': Pixels or inches based on the figure dpi.
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- 'x', 'y', 'xy': *X*, *Y* or :math:`\\sqrt{X^2 + Y^2}` in data units.
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The arrows scale differently depending on the units. For
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'x' or 'y', the arrows get larger as one zooms in; for other
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units, the arrow size is independent of the zoom state. For
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'width or 'height', the arrow size increases with the width and
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height of the axes, respectively, when the window is resized;
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for 'dots' or 'inches', resizing does not change the arrows.
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angles : {'uv', 'xy'} or array-like, default: 'uv'
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Method for determining the angle of the arrows.
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- 'uv': The arrow axis aspect ratio is 1 so that
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if *U* == *V* the orientation of the arrow on the plot is 45 degrees
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counter-clockwise from the horizontal axis (positive to the right).
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Use this if the arrows symbolize a quantity that is not based on
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*X*, *Y* data coordinates.
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- 'xy': Arrows point from (x, y) to (x+u, y+v).
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Use this for plotting a gradient field, for example.
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- Alternatively, arbitrary angles may be specified explicitly as an array
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of values in degrees, counter-clockwise from the horizontal axis.
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In this case *U*, *V* is only used to determine the length of the
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arrows.
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Note: inverting a data axis will correspondingly invert the
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arrows only with ``angles='xy'``.
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scale : float, optional
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Number of data units per arrow length unit, e.g., m/s per plot width; a
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smaller scale parameter makes the arrow longer. Default is *None*.
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If *None*, a simple autoscaling algorithm is used, based on the average
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vector length and the number of vectors. The arrow length unit is given by
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the *scale_units* parameter.
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scale_units : {'width', 'height', 'dots', 'inches', 'x', 'y', 'xy'}, optional
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If the *scale* kwarg is *None*, the arrow length unit. Default is *None*.
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e.g. *scale_units* is 'inches', *scale* is 2.0, and ``(u, v) = (1, 0)``,
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then the vector will be 0.5 inches long.
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If *scale_units* is 'width' or 'height', then the vector will be half the
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width/height of the axes.
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If *scale_units* is 'x' then the vector will be 0.5 x-axis
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units. To plot vectors in the x-y plane, with u and v having
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the same units as x and y, use
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``angles='xy', scale_units='xy', scale=1``.
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width : float, optional
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Shaft width in arrow units; default depends on choice of units,
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above, and number of vectors; a typical starting value is about
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0.005 times the width of the plot.
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headwidth : float, default: 3
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Head width as multiple of shaft width.
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headlength : float, default: 5
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Head length as multiple of shaft width.
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headaxislength : float, default: 4.5
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Head length at shaft intersection.
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minshaft : float, default: 1
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Length below which arrow scales, in units of head length. Do not
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set this to less than 1, or small arrows will look terrible!
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minlength : float, default: 1
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Minimum length as a multiple of shaft width; if an arrow length
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is less than this, plot a dot (hexagon) of this diameter instead.
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pivot : {'tail', 'mid', 'middle', 'tip'}, default: 'tail'
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The part of the arrow that is anchored to the *X*, *Y* grid. The arrow
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rotates about this point.
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'mid' is a synonym for 'middle'.
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color : color or color sequence, optional
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Explicit color(s) for the arrows. If *C* has been set, *color* has no
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effect.
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This is a synonym for the `~.PolyCollection` *facecolor* parameter.
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Other Parameters
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----------------
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**kwargs : `~matplotlib.collections.PolyCollection` properties, optional
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All other keyword arguments are passed on to `.PolyCollection`:
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%(PolyCollection)s
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See Also
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--------
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.Axes.quiverkey : Add a key to a quiver plot.
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""" % docstring.interpd.params
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class QuiverKey(martist.Artist):
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"""Labelled arrow for use as a quiver plot scale key."""
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halign = {'N': 'center', 'S': 'center', 'E': 'left', 'W': 'right'}
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valign = {'N': 'bottom', 'S': 'top', 'E': 'center', 'W': 'center'}
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pivot = {'N': 'middle', 'S': 'middle', 'E': 'tip', 'W': 'tail'}
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def __init__(self, Q, X, Y, U, label,
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*, angle=0, coordinates='axes', color=None, labelsep=0.1,
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labelpos='N', labelcolor=None, fontproperties=None,
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**kw):
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"""
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Add a key to a quiver plot.
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The positioning of the key depends on *X*, *Y*, *coordinates*, and
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*labelpos*. If *labelpos* is 'N' or 'S', *X*, *Y* give the position of
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the middle of the key arrow. If *labelpos* is 'E', *X*, *Y* positions
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the head, and if *labelpos* is 'W', *X*, *Y* positions the tail; in
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either of these two cases, *X*, *Y* is somewhere in the middle of the
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arrow+label key object.
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Parameters
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----------
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Q : `matplotlib.quiver.Quiver`
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A `.Quiver` object as returned by a call to `~.Axes.quiver()`.
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X, Y : float
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The location of the key.
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U : float
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The length of the key.
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label : str
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The key label (e.g., length and units of the key).
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angle : float, default: 0
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The angle of the key arrow, in degrees anti-clockwise from the
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x-axis.
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coordinates : {'axes', 'figure', 'data', 'inches'}, default: 'axes'
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Coordinate system and units for *X*, *Y*: 'axes' and 'figure' are
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normalized coordinate systems with (0, 0) in the lower left and
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(1, 1) in the upper right; 'data' are the axes data coordinates
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(used for the locations of the vectors in the quiver plot itself);
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'inches' is position in the figure in inches, with (0, 0) at the
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lower left corner.
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color : color
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Overrides face and edge colors from *Q*.
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labelpos : {'N', 'S', 'E', 'W'}
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Position the label above, below, to the right, to the left of the
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arrow, respectively.
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labelsep : float, default: 0.1
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Distance in inches between the arrow and the label.
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labelcolor : color, default: :rc:`text.color`
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Label color.
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fontproperties : dict, optional
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A dictionary with keyword arguments accepted by the
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`~matplotlib.font_manager.FontProperties` initializer:
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*family*, *style*, *variant*, *size*, *weight*.
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**kwargs
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Any additional keyword arguments are used to override vector
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properties taken from *Q*.
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"""
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martist.Artist.__init__(self)
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self.Q = Q
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self.X = X
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self.Y = Y
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self.U = U
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self.angle = angle
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self.coord = coordinates
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self.color = color
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self.label = label
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self._labelsep_inches = labelsep
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self.labelsep = (self._labelsep_inches * Q.axes.figure.dpi)
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# try to prevent closure over the real self
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weak_self = weakref.ref(self)
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def on_dpi_change(fig):
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self_weakref = weak_self()
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if self_weakref is not None:
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self_weakref.labelsep = self_weakref._labelsep_inches * fig.dpi
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# simple brute force update works because _init is called at
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# the start of draw.
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self_weakref._initialized = False
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self._cid = Q.axes.figure.callbacks.connect(
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'dpi_changed', on_dpi_change)
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self.labelpos = labelpos
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self.labelcolor = labelcolor
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self.fontproperties = fontproperties or dict()
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self.kw = kw
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_fp = self.fontproperties
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# boxprops = dict(facecolor='red')
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self.text = mtext.Text(
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text=label, # bbox=boxprops,
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horizontalalignment=self.halign[self.labelpos],
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verticalalignment=self.valign[self.labelpos],
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fontproperties=font_manager.FontProperties._from_any(_fp))
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if self.labelcolor is not None:
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self.text.set_color(self.labelcolor)
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self._initialized = False
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self.zorder = Q.zorder + 0.1
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def remove(self):
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# docstring inherited
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self.Q.axes.figure.callbacks.disconnect(self._cid)
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self._cid = None
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super().remove() # pass the remove call up the stack
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def _init(self):
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if True: # not self._initialized:
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if not self.Q._initialized:
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self.Q._init()
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self._set_transform()
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with cbook._setattr_cm(self.Q, pivot=self.pivot[self.labelpos],
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# Hack: save and restore the Umask
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Umask=ma.nomask):
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u = self.U * np.cos(np.radians(self.angle))
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v = self.U * np.sin(np.radians(self.angle))
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angle = (self.Q.angles if isinstance(self.Q.angles, str)
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else 'uv')
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self.verts = self.Q._make_verts(
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np.array([u]), np.array([v]), angle)
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kw = self.Q.polykw
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kw.update(self.kw)
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self.vector = mcollections.PolyCollection(
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self.verts,
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offsets=[(self.X, self.Y)],
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transOffset=self.get_transform(),
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**kw)
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if self.color is not None:
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self.vector.set_color(self.color)
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self.vector.set_transform(self.Q.get_transform())
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self.vector.set_figure(self.get_figure())
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self._initialized = True
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def _text_x(self, x):
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if self.labelpos == 'E':
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return x + self.labelsep
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elif self.labelpos == 'W':
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return x - self.labelsep
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else:
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return x
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def _text_y(self, y):
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if self.labelpos == 'N':
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return y + self.labelsep
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elif self.labelpos == 'S':
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return y - self.labelsep
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else:
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return y
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@martist.allow_rasterization
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def draw(self, renderer):
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self._init()
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self.vector.draw(renderer)
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x, y = self.get_transform().transform((self.X, self.Y))
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self.text.set_x(self._text_x(x))
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self.text.set_y(self._text_y(y))
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self.text.draw(renderer)
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self.stale = False
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def _set_transform(self):
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self.set_transform(cbook._check_getitem({
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"data": self.Q.axes.transData,
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"axes": self.Q.axes.transAxes,
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"figure": self.Q.axes.figure.transFigure,
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"inches": self.Q.axes.figure.dpi_scale_trans,
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}, coordinates=self.coord))
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def set_figure(self, fig):
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martist.Artist.set_figure(self, fig)
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self.text.set_figure(fig)
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def contains(self, mouseevent):
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inside, info = self._default_contains(mouseevent)
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if inside is not None:
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return inside, info
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# Maybe the dictionary should allow one to
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# distinguish between a text hit and a vector hit.
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if (self.text.contains(mouseevent)[0] or
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self.vector.contains(mouseevent)[0]):
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return True, {}
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return False, {}
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@cbook.deprecated("3.2")
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@property
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def quiverkey_doc(self):
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return self.__init__.__doc__
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def _parse_args(*args, caller_name='function'):
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"""
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Helper function to parse positional parameters for colored vector plots.
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This is currently used for Quiver and Barbs.
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Parameters
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----------
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*args : list
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list of 2-5 arguments. Depending on their number they are parsed to::
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U, V
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U, V, C
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X, Y, U, V
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X, Y, U, V, C
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caller_name : str
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Name of the calling method (used in error messages).
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"""
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X = Y = C = None
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len_args = len(args)
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if len_args == 2:
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# The use of atleast_1d allows for handling scalar arguments while also
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# keeping masked arrays
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U, V = np.atleast_1d(*args)
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elif len_args == 3:
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U, V, C = np.atleast_1d(*args)
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elif len_args == 4:
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X, Y, U, V = np.atleast_1d(*args)
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elif len_args == 5:
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X, Y, U, V, C = np.atleast_1d(*args)
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else:
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raise TypeError(f'{caller_name} takes 2-5 positional arguments but '
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f'{len_args} were given')
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nr, nc = (1, U.shape[0]) if U.ndim == 1 else U.shape
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if X is not None:
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X = X.ravel()
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Y = Y.ravel()
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if len(X) == nc and len(Y) == nr:
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X, Y = [a.ravel() for a in np.meshgrid(X, Y)]
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elif len(X) != len(Y):
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raise ValueError('X and Y must be the same size, but '
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f'X.size is {X.size} and Y.size is {Y.size}.')
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else:
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indexgrid = np.meshgrid(np.arange(nc), np.arange(nr))
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X, Y = [np.ravel(a) for a in indexgrid]
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# Size validation for U, V, C is left to the set_UVC method.
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return X, Y, U, V, C
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def _check_consistent_shapes(*arrays):
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all_shapes = {a.shape for a in arrays}
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if len(all_shapes) != 1:
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raise ValueError('The shapes of the passed in arrays do not match')
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class Quiver(mcollections.PolyCollection):
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"""
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Specialized PolyCollection for arrows.
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The only API method is set_UVC(), which can be used
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to change the size, orientation, and color of the
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arrows; their locations are fixed when the class is
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instantiated. Possibly this method will be useful
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in animations.
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Much of the work in this class is done in the draw()
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method so that as much information as possible is available
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about the plot. In subsequent draw() calls, recalculation
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is limited to things that might have changed, so there
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should be no performance penalty from putting the calculations
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in the draw() method.
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"""
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_PIVOT_VALS = ('tail', 'middle', 'tip')
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@docstring.Substitution(_quiver_doc)
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def __init__(self, ax, *args,
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scale=None, headwidth=3, headlength=5, headaxislength=4.5,
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minshaft=1, minlength=1, units='width', scale_units=None,
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angles='uv', width=None, color='k', pivot='tail', **kw):
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"""
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The constructor takes one required argument, an Axes
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instance, followed by the args and kwargs described
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by the following pyplot interface documentation:
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%s
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"""
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self._axes = ax # The attr actually set by the Artist.axes property.
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X, Y, U, V, C = _parse_args(*args, caller_name='quiver()')
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self.X = X
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self.Y = Y
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self.XY = np.column_stack((X, Y))
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self.N = len(X)
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self.scale = scale
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self.headwidth = headwidth
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self.headlength = float(headlength)
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self.headaxislength = headaxislength
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self.minshaft = minshaft
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self.minlength = minlength
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self.units = units
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self.scale_units = scale_units
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self.angles = angles
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self.width = width
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if pivot.lower() == 'mid':
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pivot = 'middle'
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self.pivot = pivot.lower()
|
|
cbook._check_in_list(self._PIVOT_VALS, pivot=self.pivot)
|
|
|
|
self.transform = kw.pop('transform', ax.transData)
|
|
kw.setdefault('facecolors', color)
|
|
kw.setdefault('linewidths', (0,))
|
|
mcollections.PolyCollection.__init__(self, [], offsets=self.XY,
|
|
transOffset=self.transform,
|
|
closed=False,
|
|
**kw)
|
|
self.polykw = kw
|
|
self.set_UVC(U, V, C)
|
|
self._initialized = False
|
|
|
|
weak_self = weakref.ref(self) # Prevent closure over the real self.
|
|
|
|
def on_dpi_change(fig):
|
|
self_weakref = weak_self()
|
|
if self_weakref is not None:
|
|
# vertices depend on width, span which in turn depend on dpi
|
|
self_weakref._new_UV = True
|
|
# simple brute force update works because _init is called at
|
|
# the start of draw.
|
|
self_weakref._initialized = False
|
|
|
|
self._cid = ax.figure.callbacks.connect('dpi_changed', on_dpi_change)
|
|
|
|
@cbook.deprecated("3.3", alternative="axes")
|
|
def ax(self):
|
|
return self.axes
|
|
|
|
def remove(self):
|
|
# docstring inherited
|
|
self.axes.figure.callbacks.disconnect(self._cid)
|
|
self._cid = None
|
|
super().remove() # pass the remove call up the stack
|
|
|
|
def _init(self):
|
|
"""
|
|
Initialization delayed until first draw;
|
|
allow time for axes setup.
|
|
"""
|
|
# It seems that there are not enough event notifications
|
|
# available to have this work on an as-needed basis at present.
|
|
if True: # not self._initialized:
|
|
trans = self._set_transform()
|
|
self.span = trans.inverted().transform_bbox(self.axes.bbox).width
|
|
if self.width is None:
|
|
sn = np.clip(math.sqrt(self.N), 8, 25)
|
|
self.width = 0.06 * self.span / sn
|
|
|
|
# _make_verts sets self.scale if not already specified
|
|
if not self._initialized and self.scale is None:
|
|
self._make_verts(self.U, self.V, self.angles)
|
|
|
|
self._initialized = True
|
|
|
|
def get_datalim(self, transData):
|
|
trans = self.get_transform()
|
|
transOffset = self.get_offset_transform()
|
|
full_transform = (trans - transData) + (transOffset - transData)
|
|
XY = full_transform.transform(self.XY)
|
|
bbox = transforms.Bbox.null()
|
|
bbox.update_from_data_xy(XY, ignore=True)
|
|
return bbox
|
|
|
|
@martist.allow_rasterization
|
|
def draw(self, renderer):
|
|
self._init()
|
|
verts = self._make_verts(self.U, self.V, self.angles)
|
|
self.set_verts(verts, closed=False)
|
|
self._new_UV = False
|
|
mcollections.PolyCollection.draw(self, renderer)
|
|
self.stale = False
|
|
|
|
def set_UVC(self, U, V, C=None):
|
|
# We need to ensure we have a copy, not a reference
|
|
# to an array that might change before draw().
|
|
U = ma.masked_invalid(U, copy=True).ravel()
|
|
V = ma.masked_invalid(V, copy=True).ravel()
|
|
if C is not None:
|
|
C = ma.masked_invalid(C, copy=True).ravel()
|
|
for name, var in zip(('U', 'V', 'C'), (U, V, C)):
|
|
if not (var is None or var.size == self.N or var.size == 1):
|
|
raise ValueError(f'Argument {name} has a size {var.size}'
|
|
f' which does not match {self.N},'
|
|
' the number of arrow positions')
|
|
|
|
mask = ma.mask_or(U.mask, V.mask, copy=False, shrink=True)
|
|
if C is not None:
|
|
mask = ma.mask_or(mask, C.mask, copy=False, shrink=True)
|
|
if mask is ma.nomask:
|
|
C = C.filled()
|
|
else:
|
|
C = ma.array(C, mask=mask, copy=False)
|
|
self.U = U.filled(1)
|
|
self.V = V.filled(1)
|
|
self.Umask = mask
|
|
if C is not None:
|
|
self.set_array(C)
|
|
self._new_UV = True
|
|
self.stale = True
|
|
|
|
def _dots_per_unit(self, units):
|
|
"""
|
|
Return a scale factor for converting from units to pixels
|
|
"""
|
|
if units in ('x', 'y', 'xy'):
|
|
if units == 'x':
|
|
dx0 = self.axes.viewLim.width
|
|
dx1 = self.axes.bbox.width
|
|
elif units == 'y':
|
|
dx0 = self.axes.viewLim.height
|
|
dx1 = self.axes.bbox.height
|
|
else: # 'xy' is assumed
|
|
dxx0 = self.axes.viewLim.width
|
|
dxx1 = self.axes.bbox.width
|
|
dyy0 = self.axes.viewLim.height
|
|
dyy1 = self.axes.bbox.height
|
|
dx1 = np.hypot(dxx1, dyy1)
|
|
dx0 = np.hypot(dxx0, dyy0)
|
|
dx = dx1 / dx0
|
|
else:
|
|
if units == 'width':
|
|
dx = self.axes.bbox.width
|
|
elif units == 'height':
|
|
dx = self.axes.bbox.height
|
|
elif units == 'dots':
|
|
dx = 1.0
|
|
elif units == 'inches':
|
|
dx = self.axes.figure.dpi
|
|
else:
|
|
raise ValueError('unrecognized units')
|
|
return dx
|
|
|
|
def _set_transform(self):
|
|
"""
|
|
Set the PolyCollection transform to go
|
|
from arrow width units to pixels.
|
|
"""
|
|
dx = self._dots_per_unit(self.units)
|
|
self._trans_scale = dx # pixels per arrow width unit
|
|
trans = transforms.Affine2D().scale(dx)
|
|
self.set_transform(trans)
|
|
return trans
|
|
|
|
def _angles_lengths(self, U, V, eps=1):
|
|
xy = self.axes.transData.transform(self.XY)
|
|
uv = np.column_stack((U, V))
|
|
xyp = self.axes.transData.transform(self.XY + eps * uv)
|
|
dxy = xyp - xy
|
|
angles = np.arctan2(dxy[:, 1], dxy[:, 0])
|
|
lengths = np.hypot(*dxy.T) / eps
|
|
return angles, lengths
|
|
|
|
def _make_verts(self, U, V, angles):
|
|
uv = (U + V * 1j)
|
|
str_angles = angles if isinstance(angles, str) else ''
|
|
if str_angles == 'xy' and self.scale_units == 'xy':
|
|
# Here eps is 1 so that if we get U, V by diffing
|
|
# the X, Y arrays, the vectors will connect the
|
|
# points, regardless of the axis scaling (including log).
|
|
angles, lengths = self._angles_lengths(U, V, eps=1)
|
|
elif str_angles == 'xy' or self.scale_units == 'xy':
|
|
# Calculate eps based on the extents of the plot
|
|
# so that we don't end up with roundoff error from
|
|
# adding a small number to a large.
|
|
eps = np.abs(self.axes.dataLim.extents).max() * 0.001
|
|
angles, lengths = self._angles_lengths(U, V, eps=eps)
|
|
if str_angles and self.scale_units == 'xy':
|
|
a = lengths
|
|
else:
|
|
a = np.abs(uv)
|
|
if self.scale is None:
|
|
sn = max(10, math.sqrt(self.N))
|
|
if self.Umask is not ma.nomask:
|
|
amean = a[~self.Umask].mean()
|
|
else:
|
|
amean = a.mean()
|
|
# crude auto-scaling
|
|
# scale is typical arrow length as a multiple of the arrow width
|
|
scale = 1.8 * amean * sn / self.span
|
|
if self.scale_units is None:
|
|
if self.scale is None:
|
|
self.scale = scale
|
|
widthu_per_lenu = 1.0
|
|
else:
|
|
if self.scale_units == 'xy':
|
|
dx = 1
|
|
else:
|
|
dx = self._dots_per_unit(self.scale_units)
|
|
widthu_per_lenu = dx / self._trans_scale
|
|
if self.scale is None:
|
|
self.scale = scale * widthu_per_lenu
|
|
length = a * (widthu_per_lenu / (self.scale * self.width))
|
|
X, Y = self._h_arrows(length)
|
|
if str_angles == 'xy':
|
|
theta = angles
|
|
elif str_angles == 'uv':
|
|
theta = np.angle(uv)
|
|
else:
|
|
theta = ma.masked_invalid(np.deg2rad(angles)).filled(0)
|
|
theta = theta.reshape((-1, 1)) # for broadcasting
|
|
xy = (X + Y * 1j) * np.exp(1j * theta) * self.width
|
|
XY = np.stack((xy.real, xy.imag), axis=2)
|
|
if self.Umask is not ma.nomask:
|
|
XY = ma.array(XY)
|
|
XY[self.Umask] = ma.masked
|
|
# This might be handled more efficiently with nans, given
|
|
# that nans will end up in the paths anyway.
|
|
|
|
return XY
|
|
|
|
def _h_arrows(self, length):
|
|
"""Length is in arrow width units."""
|
|
# It might be possible to streamline the code
|
|
# and speed it up a bit by using complex (x, y)
|
|
# instead of separate arrays; but any gain would be slight.
|
|
minsh = self.minshaft * self.headlength
|
|
N = len(length)
|
|
length = length.reshape(N, 1)
|
|
# This number is chosen based on when pixel values overflow in Agg
|
|
# causing rendering errors
|
|
# length = np.minimum(length, 2 ** 16)
|
|
np.clip(length, 0, 2 ** 16, out=length)
|
|
# x, y: normal horizontal arrow
|
|
x = np.array([0, -self.headaxislength,
|
|
-self.headlength, 0],
|
|
np.float64)
|
|
x = x + np.array([0, 1, 1, 1]) * length
|
|
y = 0.5 * np.array([1, 1, self.headwidth, 0], np.float64)
|
|
y = np.repeat(y[np.newaxis, :], N, axis=0)
|
|
# x0, y0: arrow without shaft, for short vectors
|
|
x0 = np.array([0, minsh - self.headaxislength,
|
|
minsh - self.headlength, minsh], np.float64)
|
|
y0 = 0.5 * np.array([1, 1, self.headwidth, 0], np.float64)
|
|
ii = [0, 1, 2, 3, 2, 1, 0, 0]
|
|
X = x[:, ii]
|
|
Y = y[:, ii]
|
|
Y[:, 3:-1] *= -1
|
|
X0 = x0[ii]
|
|
Y0 = y0[ii]
|
|
Y0[3:-1] *= -1
|
|
shrink = length / minsh if minsh != 0. else 0.
|
|
X0 = shrink * X0[np.newaxis, :]
|
|
Y0 = shrink * Y0[np.newaxis, :]
|
|
short = np.repeat(length < minsh, 8, axis=1)
|
|
# Now select X0, Y0 if short, otherwise X, Y
|
|
np.copyto(X, X0, where=short)
|
|
np.copyto(Y, Y0, where=short)
|
|
if self.pivot == 'middle':
|
|
X -= 0.5 * X[:, 3, np.newaxis]
|
|
elif self.pivot == 'tip':
|
|
# numpy bug? using -= does not work here unless we multiply by a
|
|
# float first, as with 'mid'.
|
|
X = X - X[:, 3, np.newaxis]
|
|
elif self.pivot != 'tail':
|
|
cbook._check_in_list(["middle", "tip", "tail"], pivot=self.pivot)
|
|
|
|
tooshort = length < self.minlength
|
|
if tooshort.any():
|
|
# Use a heptagonal dot:
|
|
th = np.arange(0, 8, 1, np.float64) * (np.pi / 3.0)
|
|
x1 = np.cos(th) * self.minlength * 0.5
|
|
y1 = np.sin(th) * self.minlength * 0.5
|
|
X1 = np.repeat(x1[np.newaxis, :], N, axis=0)
|
|
Y1 = np.repeat(y1[np.newaxis, :], N, axis=0)
|
|
tooshort = np.repeat(tooshort, 8, 1)
|
|
np.copyto(X, X1, where=tooshort)
|
|
np.copyto(Y, Y1, where=tooshort)
|
|
# Mask handling is deferred to the caller, _make_verts.
|
|
return X, Y
|
|
|
|
quiver_doc = _quiver_doc
|
|
|
|
|
|
_barbs_doc = r"""
|
|
Plot a 2D field of barbs.
|
|
|
|
Call signature::
|
|
|
|
barbs([X, Y], U, V, [C], **kw)
|
|
|
|
Where *X*, *Y* define the barb locations, *U*, *V* define the barb
|
|
directions, and *C* optionally sets the color.
|
|
|
|
All arguments may be 1D or 2D. *U*, *V*, *C* may be masked arrays, but masked
|
|
*X*, *Y* are not supported at present.
|
|
|
|
Barbs are traditionally used in meteorology as a way to plot the speed
|
|
and direction of wind observations, but can technically be used to
|
|
plot any two dimensional vector quantity. As opposed to arrows, which
|
|
give vector magnitude by the length of the arrow, the barbs give more
|
|
quantitative information about the vector magnitude by putting slanted
|
|
lines or a triangle for various increments in magnitude, as show
|
|
schematically below::
|
|
|
|
: /\ \
|
|
: / \ \
|
|
: / \ \ \
|
|
: / \ \ \
|
|
: ------------------------------
|
|
|
|
The largest increment is given by a triangle (or "flag"). After those
|
|
come full lines (barbs). The smallest increment is a half line. There
|
|
is only, of course, ever at most 1 half line. If the magnitude is
|
|
small and only needs a single half-line and no full lines or
|
|
triangles, the half-line is offset from the end of the barb so that it
|
|
can be easily distinguished from barbs with a single full line. The
|
|
magnitude for the barb shown above would nominally be 65, using the
|
|
standard increments of 50, 10, and 5.
|
|
|
|
See also https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_barb.
|
|
|
|
Parameters
|
|
----------
|
|
X, Y : 1D or 2D array-like, optional
|
|
The x and y coordinates of the barb locations. See *pivot* for how the
|
|
barbs are drawn to the x, y positions.
|
|
|
|
If not given, they will be generated as a uniform integer meshgrid based
|
|
on the dimensions of *U* and *V*.
|
|
|
|
If *X* and *Y* are 1D but *U*, *V* are 2D, *X*, *Y* are expanded to 2D
|
|
using ``X, Y = np.meshgrid(X, Y)``. In this case ``len(X)`` and ``len(Y)``
|
|
must match the column and row dimensions of *U* and *V*.
|
|
|
|
U, V : 1D or 2D array-like
|
|
The x and y components of the barb shaft.
|
|
|
|
C : 1D or 2D array-like, optional
|
|
Numeric data that defines the barb colors by colormapping via *norm* and
|
|
*cmap*.
|
|
|
|
This does not support explicit colors. If you want to set colors directly,
|
|
use *barbcolor* instead.
|
|
|
|
length : float, default: 7
|
|
Length of the barb in points; the other parts of the barb
|
|
are scaled against this.
|
|
|
|
pivot : {'tip', 'middle'} or float, default: 'tip'
|
|
The part of the arrow that is anchored to the *X*, *Y* grid. The barb
|
|
rotates about this point. This can also be a number, which shifts the
|
|
start of the barb that many points away from grid point.
|
|
|
|
barbcolor : color or color sequence
|
|
The color of all parts of the barb except for the flags. This parameter
|
|
is analogous to the *edgecolor* parameter for polygons, which can be used
|
|
instead. However this parameter will override facecolor.
|
|
|
|
flagcolor : color or color sequence
|
|
The color of any flags on the barb. This parameter is analogous to the
|
|
*facecolor* parameter for polygons, which can be used instead. However,
|
|
this parameter will override facecolor. If this is not set (and *C* has
|
|
not either) then *flagcolor* will be set to match *barbcolor* so that the
|
|
barb has a uniform color. If *C* has been set, *flagcolor* has no effect.
|
|
|
|
sizes : dict, optional
|
|
A dictionary of coefficients specifying the ratio of a given
|
|
feature to the length of the barb. Only those values one wishes to
|
|
override need to be included. These features include:
|
|
|
|
- 'spacing' - space between features (flags, full/half barbs)
|
|
- 'height' - height (distance from shaft to top) of a flag or full barb
|
|
- 'width' - width of a flag, twice the width of a full barb
|
|
- 'emptybarb' - radius of the circle used for low magnitudes
|
|
|
|
fill_empty : bool, default: False
|
|
Whether the empty barbs (circles) that are drawn should be filled with
|
|
the flag color. If they are not filled, the center is transparent.
|
|
|
|
rounding : bool, default: True
|
|
Whether the vector magnitude should be rounded when allocating barb
|
|
components. If True, the magnitude is rounded to the nearest multiple
|
|
of the half-barb increment. If False, the magnitude is simply truncated
|
|
to the next lowest multiple.
|
|
|
|
barb_increments : dict, optional
|
|
A dictionary of increments specifying values to associate with
|
|
different parts of the barb. Only those values one wishes to
|
|
override need to be included.
|
|
|
|
- 'half' - half barbs (Default is 5)
|
|
- 'full' - full barbs (Default is 10)
|
|
- 'flag' - flags (default is 50)
|
|
|
|
flip_barb : bool or array-like of bool, default: False
|
|
Whether the lines and flags should point opposite to normal.
|
|
Normal behavior is for the barbs and lines to point right (comes from wind
|
|
barbs having these features point towards low pressure in the Northern
|
|
Hemisphere).
|
|
|
|
A single value is applied to all barbs. Individual barbs can be flipped by
|
|
passing a bool array of the same size as *U* and *V*.
|
|
|
|
Returns
|
|
-------
|
|
barbs : `~matplotlib.quiver.Barbs`
|
|
|
|
Other Parameters
|
|
----------------
|
|
**kwargs
|
|
The barbs can further be customized using `.PolyCollection` keyword
|
|
arguments:
|
|
|
|
%(PolyCollection)s
|
|
""" % docstring.interpd.params
|
|
|
|
docstring.interpd.update(barbs_doc=_barbs_doc)
|
|
|
|
|
|
class Barbs(mcollections.PolyCollection):
|
|
"""
|
|
Specialized PolyCollection for barbs.
|
|
|
|
The only API method is :meth:`set_UVC`, which can be used to
|
|
change the size, orientation, and color of the arrows. Locations
|
|
are changed using the :meth:`set_offsets` collection method.
|
|
Possibly this method will be useful in animations.
|
|
|
|
There is one internal function :meth:`_find_tails` which finds
|
|
exactly what should be put on the barb given the vector magnitude.
|
|
From there :meth:`_make_barbs` is used to find the vertices of the
|
|
polygon to represent the barb based on this information.
|
|
"""
|
|
# This may be an abuse of polygons here to render what is essentially maybe
|
|
# 1 triangle and a series of lines. It works fine as far as I can tell
|
|
# however.
|
|
@docstring.interpd
|
|
def __init__(self, ax, *args,
|
|
pivot='tip', length=7, barbcolor=None, flagcolor=None,
|
|
sizes=None, fill_empty=False, barb_increments=None,
|
|
rounding=True, flip_barb=False, **kw):
|
|
"""
|
|
The constructor takes one required argument, an Axes
|
|
instance, followed by the args and kwargs described
|
|
by the following pyplot interface documentation:
|
|
%(barbs_doc)s
|
|
"""
|
|
self.sizes = sizes or dict()
|
|
self.fill_empty = fill_empty
|
|
self.barb_increments = barb_increments or dict()
|
|
self.rounding = rounding
|
|
self.flip = np.atleast_1d(flip_barb)
|
|
transform = kw.pop('transform', ax.transData)
|
|
self._pivot = pivot
|
|
self._length = length
|
|
barbcolor = barbcolor
|
|
flagcolor = flagcolor
|
|
|
|
# Flagcolor and barbcolor provide convenience parameters for
|
|
# setting the facecolor and edgecolor, respectively, of the barb
|
|
# polygon. We also work here to make the flag the same color as the
|
|
# rest of the barb by default
|
|
|
|
if None in (barbcolor, flagcolor):
|
|
kw['edgecolors'] = 'face'
|
|
if flagcolor:
|
|
kw['facecolors'] = flagcolor
|
|
elif barbcolor:
|
|
kw['facecolors'] = barbcolor
|
|
else:
|
|
# Set to facecolor passed in or default to black
|
|
kw.setdefault('facecolors', 'k')
|
|
else:
|
|
kw['edgecolors'] = barbcolor
|
|
kw['facecolors'] = flagcolor
|
|
|
|
# Explicitly set a line width if we're not given one, otherwise
|
|
# polygons are not outlined and we get no barbs
|
|
if 'linewidth' not in kw and 'lw' not in kw:
|
|
kw['linewidth'] = 1
|
|
|
|
# Parse out the data arrays from the various configurations supported
|
|
x, y, u, v, c = _parse_args(*args, caller_name='barbs()')
|
|
self.x = x
|
|
self.y = y
|
|
xy = np.column_stack((x, y))
|
|
|
|
# Make a collection
|
|
barb_size = self._length ** 2 / 4 # Empirically determined
|
|
mcollections.PolyCollection.__init__(self, [], (barb_size,),
|
|
offsets=xy,
|
|
transOffset=transform, **kw)
|
|
self.set_transform(transforms.IdentityTransform())
|
|
|
|
self.set_UVC(u, v, c)
|
|
|
|
def _find_tails(self, mag, rounding=True, half=5, full=10, flag=50):
|
|
"""
|
|
Find how many of each of the tail pieces is necessary. Flag
|
|
specifies the increment for a flag, barb for a full barb, and half for
|
|
half a barb. Mag should be the magnitude of a vector (i.e., >= 0).
|
|
|
|
This returns a tuple of:
|
|
|
|
(*number of flags*, *number of barbs*, *half_flag*, *empty_flag*)
|
|
|
|
The bool *half_flag* indicates whether half of a barb is needed,
|
|
since there should only ever be one half on a given
|
|
barb. *empty_flag* flag is an array of flags to easily tell if
|
|
a barb is empty (too low to plot any barbs/flags.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
# If rounding, round to the nearest multiple of half, the smallest
|
|
# increment
|
|
if rounding:
|
|
mag = half * (mag / half + 0.5).astype(int)
|
|
|
|
num_flags = np.floor(mag / flag).astype(int)
|
|
mag = mag % flag
|
|
|
|
num_barb = np.floor(mag / full).astype(int)
|
|
mag = mag % full
|
|
|
|
half_flag = mag >= half
|
|
empty_flag = ~(half_flag | (num_flags > 0) | (num_barb > 0))
|
|
|
|
return num_flags, num_barb, half_flag, empty_flag
|
|
|
|
def _make_barbs(self, u, v, nflags, nbarbs, half_barb, empty_flag, length,
|
|
pivot, sizes, fill_empty, flip):
|
|
"""
|
|
Create the wind barbs.
|
|
|
|
Parameters
|
|
----------
|
|
u, v
|
|
Components of the vector in the x and y directions, respectively.
|
|
|
|
nflags, nbarbs, half_barb, empty_flag
|
|
Respectively, the number of flags, number of barbs, flag for
|
|
half a barb, and flag for empty barb, ostensibly obtained from
|
|
:meth:`_find_tails`.
|
|
|
|
length
|
|
The length of the barb staff in points.
|
|
|
|
pivot : {"tip", "middle"} or number
|
|
The point on the barb around which the entire barb should be
|
|
rotated. If a number, the start of the barb is shifted by that
|
|
many points from the origin.
|
|
|
|
sizes : dict
|
|
Coefficients specifying the ratio of a given feature to the length
|
|
of the barb. These features include:
|
|
|
|
- *spacing*: space between features (flags, full/half barbs).
|
|
- *height*: distance from shaft of top of a flag or full barb.
|
|
- *width*: width of a flag, twice the width of a full barb.
|
|
- *emptybarb*: radius of the circle used for low magnitudes.
|
|
|
|
fill_empty : bool
|
|
Whether the circle representing an empty barb should be filled or
|
|
not (this changes the drawing of the polygon).
|
|
|
|
flip : list of bool
|
|
Whether the features should be flipped to the other side of the
|
|
barb (useful for winds in the southern hemisphere).
|
|
|
|
Returns
|
|
-------
|
|
list of arrays of vertices
|
|
Polygon vertices for each of the wind barbs. These polygons have
|
|
been rotated to properly align with the vector direction.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
# These control the spacing and size of barb elements relative to the
|
|
# length of the shaft
|
|
spacing = length * sizes.get('spacing', 0.125)
|
|
full_height = length * sizes.get('height', 0.4)
|
|
full_width = length * sizes.get('width', 0.25)
|
|
empty_rad = length * sizes.get('emptybarb', 0.15)
|
|
|
|
# Controls y point where to pivot the barb.
|
|
pivot_points = dict(tip=0.0, middle=-length / 2.)
|
|
|
|
endx = 0.0
|
|
try:
|
|
endy = float(pivot)
|
|
except ValueError:
|
|
endy = pivot_points[pivot.lower()]
|
|
|
|
# Get the appropriate angle for the vector components. The offset is
|
|
# due to the way the barb is initially drawn, going down the y-axis.
|
|
# This makes sense in a meteorological mode of thinking since there 0
|
|
# degrees corresponds to north (the y-axis traditionally)
|
|
angles = -(ma.arctan2(v, u) + np.pi / 2)
|
|
|
|
# Used for low magnitude. We just get the vertices, so if we make it
|
|
# out here, it can be reused. The center set here should put the
|
|
# center of the circle at the location(offset), rather than at the
|
|
# same point as the barb pivot; this seems more sensible.
|
|
circ = CirclePolygon((0, 0), radius=empty_rad).get_verts()
|
|
if fill_empty:
|
|
empty_barb = circ
|
|
else:
|
|
# If we don't want the empty one filled, we make a degenerate
|
|
# polygon that wraps back over itself
|
|
empty_barb = np.concatenate((circ, circ[::-1]))
|
|
|
|
barb_list = []
|
|
for index, angle in np.ndenumerate(angles):
|
|
# If the vector magnitude is too weak to draw anything, plot an
|
|
# empty circle instead
|
|
if empty_flag[index]:
|
|
# We can skip the transform since the circle has no preferred
|
|
# orientation
|
|
barb_list.append(empty_barb)
|
|
continue
|
|
|
|
poly_verts = [(endx, endy)]
|
|
offset = length
|
|
|
|
# Handle if this barb should be flipped
|
|
barb_height = -full_height if flip[index] else full_height
|
|
|
|
# Add vertices for each flag
|
|
for i in range(nflags[index]):
|
|
# The spacing that works for the barbs is a little to much for
|
|
# the flags, but this only occurs when we have more than 1
|
|
# flag.
|
|
if offset != length:
|
|
offset += spacing / 2.
|
|
poly_verts.extend(
|
|
[[endx, endy + offset],
|
|
[endx + barb_height, endy - full_width / 2 + offset],
|
|
[endx, endy - full_width + offset]])
|
|
|
|
offset -= full_width + spacing
|
|
|
|
# Add vertices for each barb. These really are lines, but works
|
|
# great adding 3 vertices that basically pull the polygon out and
|
|
# back down the line
|
|
for i in range(nbarbs[index]):
|
|
poly_verts.extend(
|
|
[(endx, endy + offset),
|
|
(endx + barb_height, endy + offset + full_width / 2),
|
|
(endx, endy + offset)])
|
|
|
|
offset -= spacing
|
|
|
|
# Add the vertices for half a barb, if needed
|
|
if half_barb[index]:
|
|
# If the half barb is the first on the staff, traditionally it
|
|
# is offset from the end to make it easy to distinguish from a
|
|
# barb with a full one
|
|
if offset == length:
|
|
poly_verts.append((endx, endy + offset))
|
|
offset -= 1.5 * spacing
|
|
poly_verts.extend(
|
|
[(endx, endy + offset),
|
|
(endx + barb_height / 2, endy + offset + full_width / 4),
|
|
(endx, endy + offset)])
|
|
|
|
# Rotate the barb according the angle. Making the barb first and
|
|
# then rotating it made the math for drawing the barb really easy.
|
|
# Also, the transform framework makes doing the rotation simple.
|
|
poly_verts = transforms.Affine2D().rotate(-angle).transform(
|
|
poly_verts)
|
|
barb_list.append(poly_verts)
|
|
|
|
return barb_list
|
|
|
|
def set_UVC(self, U, V, C=None):
|
|
self.u = ma.masked_invalid(U, copy=False).ravel()
|
|
self.v = ma.masked_invalid(V, copy=False).ravel()
|
|
|
|
# Flip needs to have the same number of entries as everything else.
|
|
# Use broadcast_to to avoid a bloated array of identical values.
|
|
# (can't rely on actual broadcasting)
|
|
if len(self.flip) == 1:
|
|
flip = np.broadcast_to(self.flip, self.u.shape)
|
|
else:
|
|
flip = self.flip
|
|
|
|
if C is not None:
|
|
c = ma.masked_invalid(C, copy=False).ravel()
|
|
x, y, u, v, c, flip = cbook.delete_masked_points(
|
|
self.x.ravel(), self.y.ravel(), self.u, self.v, c,
|
|
flip.ravel())
|
|
_check_consistent_shapes(x, y, u, v, c, flip)
|
|
else:
|
|
x, y, u, v, flip = cbook.delete_masked_points(
|
|
self.x.ravel(), self.y.ravel(), self.u, self.v, flip.ravel())
|
|
_check_consistent_shapes(x, y, u, v, flip)
|
|
|
|
magnitude = np.hypot(u, v)
|
|
flags, barbs, halves, empty = self._find_tails(magnitude,
|
|
self.rounding,
|
|
**self.barb_increments)
|
|
|
|
# Get the vertices for each of the barbs
|
|
|
|
plot_barbs = self._make_barbs(u, v, flags, barbs, halves, empty,
|
|
self._length, self._pivot, self.sizes,
|
|
self.fill_empty, flip)
|
|
self.set_verts(plot_barbs)
|
|
|
|
# Set the color array
|
|
if C is not None:
|
|
self.set_array(c)
|
|
|
|
# Update the offsets in case the masked data changed
|
|
xy = np.column_stack((x, y))
|
|
self._offsets = xy
|
|
self.stale = True
|
|
|
|
def set_offsets(self, xy):
|
|
"""
|
|
Set the offsets for the barb polygons. This saves the offsets passed
|
|
in and masks them as appropriate for the existing U/V data.
|
|
|
|
Parameters
|
|
----------
|
|
xy : sequence of pairs of floats
|
|
"""
|
|
self.x = xy[:, 0]
|
|
self.y = xy[:, 1]
|
|
x, y, u, v = cbook.delete_masked_points(
|
|
self.x.ravel(), self.y.ravel(), self.u, self.v)
|
|
_check_consistent_shapes(x, y, u, v)
|
|
xy = np.column_stack((x, y))
|
|
mcollections.PolyCollection.set_offsets(self, xy)
|
|
self.stale = True
|
|
|
|
barbs_doc = _barbs_doc
|